scholarly journals Development and Testing of a UAV Laser Scanner and Multispectral Camera System for Eco-Geomorphic Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7719
Author(s):  
Christopher Tomsett ◽  
Julian Leyland
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Fluvial Systems ◽  
Sensor Package ◽  
Multispectral Camera

While Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems and camera sensors are routinely deployed in conjunction with Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques to derive 3D models of fluvial systems, in the presence of vegetation these techniques are subject to large errors. This is because of the high structural complexity of vegetation and inability of processing techniques to identify bare earth points in vegetated areas. Furthermore, for eco-geomorphic applications where characterization of the vegetation is an important aim when collecting fluvial survey data, the issues are compounded, and an alternative survey method is required. Laser Scanning techniques have been shown to be a suitable technique for discretizing both bare earth and vegetation, owing to the high spatial density of collected data and the ability of some systems to deliver dual (e.g., first and last) returns. Herein we detail the development and testing of a UAV mounted LiDAR and Multispectral camera system and processing workflow, with application to a specific river field location and reference to eco-hydraulic research generally. We show that the system and data processing workflow has the ability to detect bare earth, vegetation structure and NDVI type outputs which are superior to SfM outputs alone, and which are shown to be more accurate and repeatable, with a level of detection of under 0.1 m. These characteristics of the developed sensor package and workflows offer great potential for future eco-geomorphic research.

scholarly journals INTEGRATING TOPOGRAPHIC, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND LASER SCANNING TECHNIQUES FOR A SCAN-TO-BIM PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2021 ◽  
pp. 883-890
Author(s):  
M. Lo Brutto ◽  
E. Iuculano ◽  
P. Lo Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Building Information Modeling ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Parametric Modeling ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Real ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Heritage Building

Abstract. The preservation of historic buildings can often be particularly difficult due to the lack of detailed information about architectural features, construction details, etc.. However, in recent years considerable technological innovation in the field of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) has been achieved by the Building Information Modeling (BIM) process. BIM was developed as a methodology used mainly for new construction but, given its considerable potential, this approach can also be successfully used for existing buildings, especially for buildings of historical and architectural value. In this case, it is more properly referred to as Historic – or Heritage – Building Information Modeling (HBIM). In the HBIM process, it is essential to precede the parametric modeling phase of the building with a detailed 3D survey that allows the acquisition of all geometric information. This methodology, called Scan-to-BIM, involves the use of 3D survey techniques for the production of point clouds as a geometric “database” for parametric modeling. The Scan-to-BIM approach can have several issues relating to the complexity of the survey. The work aims to apply the Scan-to-BIM approach to the survey and modeling of a historical and architectural valuable building to test a survey method, based on integrating different techniques (topography, photogrammetry and laser scanning), that improves the data acquisition phase. The “Real Cantina Borbonica” (Cellar of Royal House of Bourbon) in Partinico (Sicily, Italy) was chosen as a case study. The work has allowed achieving the HBIM of the “Real Cantina Borbonica” and testing an approach based exclusively on a topographic constraint to merge in the same reference system all the survey data (laser scanner and photogrammetric point clouds).

scholarly journals Documentación 3D para la conservación del patrimonio histórico: el castillo de Priego de Córdoba

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Diego Francisco García-Molina ◽  
Ramón González-Merino ◽  
Jesús Rodero-Pérez ◽  
Bartolomé Carrasco-Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
3D Models ◽  
City Council ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p class="VARKeywords">One of the main objectives of heritage management policies is to promote measures aimed at the maintenance, restoration and enhancement of cultural and archaeological assets. To guarantee this, the responsible institutions must promote actions for the dissemination and transference of cultural heritage, as well as promoting actions with the greatest possible rigour, developing scientific and technical studies that support and improve intervention methods. Recent technological advances in fields such as photogrammetry, digital terrestrial scanning and 3D modelling have made a significant contribution to the digital preservation and dissemination of architectural heritage.</p><p class="VARKeywords">European administrations, in their desire of regional development, as well as the central or local governments have notably boosted the recovery of their rich and diverse heritage. A particular case is Priego de Cordoba’s Castle, a stronghold which was one of the most important monumental icons of the Andalusian period.</p><p class="VARKeywords">Currently, this site is the main target of many architectural interventions and a model due to the implementation of last generation techniques in digital preservation. The local archaeological department promotes a large number of interventions and archaeological excavations. This has made a priority to get a qualitative geometrical 3D documentation, and therefore a constantly updated the point cloud (xyzRGB).</p><p class="VARKeywords">This paper is focussed on presenting the results of the digital preservation process through 2D planimetry obtained from photogrammetric technics, 3D models, and geospatial data. These techniques are a previous step to large architectonical intervention planned in Priego de Cordoba’s Castle, in particular, the identified structures as Wall 1 and Tower 1.</p><p class="VARKeywords">Two out of the three studied structures can be found in Wall 1. They correspond to a cobblestone pavement located in the rampart of the Wall 1, which is a post-medieval period; a double-stepped semi-underground path, excavated in the infill of the wall. The third structure studied in this paper consists of a well, which drills vertically the infill of the wall of the Tower 1. This feature is interpreted in the last research as a vertical well to place the weights of the clock sited in this tower until the 19th century.</p><p class="VARKeywords">This work combines two techniques of geometric documentation to obtain a more complete point cloud. The terrestrial laser scanning, and the photogrammetry due to the higher colour performance, along with the completion of the point cloud obtained with the laser scanner. Along with this study, we will analyse the features which will better define the best technique to fit the documentation of the different structures. Their geometric characteristics, the incidence of sunlight or the accessibility will condition the use and choice of the technique.</p><p class="VARKeywords">We have stated that there is software nowadays which makes it easier to access and consult the information through new computing hardware. Besides, we have highlighted the importance of knowledge and synergy from the different stakeholders implied (city council, technological centre and private companies). The final goal consists of making the society aware of the capital importance of digital preservation as well as dissemination of science.</p>

scholarly journals 3D MODELS OF OBJECTS IN PROCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Radović
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanner ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Airborne Laser

Within the last years terrestrial and airborne laser scanning has become a powerful technique for fast and efficient three-dimensional data acquisition of different kinds of objects. Airborne laser system (LiDAR) collects accurate georeferenced data of extremely large areas very quickly while the terrestrial laser scanner produces dense and geometrically accurate data. The combination of these two segments of laser scanning provides different areas of application. One of the applications is in the process of reconstruction of objects. Objects recorded with laser scanning technology and transferred into the final model represent the basis for building an object as it was original. In this paper, there will be shown two case studies based on usage of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and processing of the data collected by them.

scholarly journals Use of a Wearable Mobile Laser System in Seamless Indoor 3D Mapping of a Complex Historical Site

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea di Filippo ◽  
Luis Sánchez-Aparicio ◽  
Salvatore Barba ◽  
José Martín-Jiménez ◽  
Rocío Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Terrestrial Photogrammetry

This paper presents an efficient solution, based on a wearable mobile laser system (WMLS), for the digitalization and modelling of a complex cultural heritage building. A procedural pipeline is formalized for the data acquisition, processing and generation of cartographic products over a XV century palace located in Segovia, Spain. The complexity, represented by an intricate interior space and by the presence of important structural problems, prevents the use of standard protocols such as those based on terrestrial photogrammetry or terrestrial laser scanning, making the WMLS the most suitable and powerful solution for the design of restoration actions. The results obtained corroborate with the robustness and accuracy of the digitalization strategy, allowing for the generation of 3D models and 2D cartographic products with the required level of quality and time needed to digitalize the area by a terrestrial laser scanner.

scholarly journals HELIOS: A MULTI-PURPOSE LIDAR SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, PLANNING AND TRAINING OF LASER SCANNING OPERATIONS WITH AIRBORNE, GROUND-BASED MOBILE AND STATIONARY PLATFORMS

2016 ◽  
Vol III-3 ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bechtold ◽  
B. Höfle
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Planning Algorithm ◽  
Survey Planning ◽  
And Training

In many technical domains of modern society, there is a growing demand for fast, precise and automatic acquisition of digital 3D models of a wide variety of physical objects and environments. Laser scanning is a popular and widely used technology to cover this demand, but it is also expensive and complex to use to its full potential. However, there might exist scenarios where the operation of a &lt;i&gt;real&lt;/i&gt; laser scanner could be replaced by a computer simulation, in order to save time and costs. This includes scenarios like teaching and training of laser scanning, development of new scanner hardware and scanning methods, or generation of artificial scan data sets to support the development of point cloud processing and analysis algorithms. To test the feasibility of this idea, we have developed a highly flexible laser scanning simulation framework named &lt;i&gt;Heidelberg LiDAR Operations Simulator (HELIOS)&lt;/i&gt;. HELIOS is implemented as a Java library and split up into a core component and multiple extension modules. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to define scanner, platform and scene models and to configure the behaviour of modules. Modules were developed and implemented for (1) loading of simulation assets and configuration (i.e. 3D scene models, scanner definitions, survey descriptions etc.), (2) playback of XML survey descriptions, (3) TLS survey planning (i.e. automatic computation of recommended scanning positions) and (4) interactive real-time 3D visualization of simulated surveys. As a proof of concept, we show the results of two experiments: First, a survey planning test in a scene that was specifically created to evaluate the quality of the survey planning algorithm. Second, a simulated TLS scan of a crop field in a precision farming scenario. The results show that HELIOS fulfills its design goals.

scholarly journals Applicability Assessments of Close-Range Photogrammetry for Slope Face 3D Modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Haqul Baramsyah ◽  
Less Rich
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Photogrammetry ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Close Range

The digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras have been widely accepted to use in slope face photogrammetry rather than the expensive metric camera used for aerial photogrammetry. 3D models generated from digital photogrammetry can approach those generated from terrestrial laser scanning in term of scale and level of detail. It is cost effective and has equipment portability. This paper presents and discusses the applicability of close-range digital photogrammetry to produce 3D models of rock slope faces. Five experiments of image capturing method were conducted to capture the photographs as the input data for processing. As a consideration, the appropriate baseline lengths to capture the slope face to get better result are around 1/6 to 1/8 of target distance.  A fine quality of 3D model from data processing is obtained using strip method and convergent method with 80% overlapping in each photograph. A random camera positions with different distances from the slope face can also generate a good 3D model, however the entire target should be captured in each photograph. The accuracy of the models is generated by comparing the 3D models produced from photogrammetry with the 3D data obtained from laser scanner. The accuracy of 3D models is quite satisfactory with the mean error range from 0.008 to 0.018 m.

scholarly journals LASER SCANNING FOR BIM AND RESULTS VISUALIZATION USING VR

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-5/W2 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
K. Pavelka jr. ◽  
B. Michalík
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Game Engines ◽  
Historical Objects

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Virtual Reality (VR) is a highly topical subject in many branches of science and industry. Thanks to the rapid development and advancement of computer technology in recent years, it can now be used to a large extent, with more detail to show and is now more affordable than before. The use of virtual reality is currently devoted to many disciplines and it can be expected that its popularity will grow progressively over the next few years. The Laboratory of Photogrammetry at the Czech Technical University in Prague is also interested in VR and focuses mainly on documentation and visualization of historical buildings and objects. Our opinion is that in the field of virtual reality there is great potential and extensive possibilities. 3D models of historical objects, primarily created by photogrammetric IBRM technology (image based modelling and rendering) or by laser scanning, gain a completely different perspective in VR. In general, most of the newly designed buildings are now being implemented into BIM. For certain projects, historical buildings or constructions should also have implemented into BIM. As a basic input into BIM, an accurate 3D spatial documentation of the condition is needed with special accent to additional information like engineering networks, materials, etc. Creating BIM is one thing, visualizing a model is another. The historical object is irregular and it is difficult to create its simplified form as the CAD model; it is much easier with modern buildings. The question is always the appropriate type of visualization, where virtual reality can be a very useful technology. So-called game engines such as Unreal engine or Unity are used to create a virtual world. These are highly sophisticated tools that make it possible to create a suitable environment, where you can place created models and then view and analyse them with the help of VR glasses. In our contribution, we would like to show an example of a technology line that allows you to convert an object documented by laser scanning into virtual reality. An older industrial building prepared for future reconstruction was chosen as a case study. This object was scanned by a laser scanner, a 3D model was created and material types and engineering networks were added into the model.</p>

scholarly journals HELIOS: A MULTI-PURPOSE LIDAR SIMULATION FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH, PLANNING AND TRAINING OF LASER SCANNING OPERATIONS WITH AIRBORNE, GROUND-BASED MOBILE AND STATIONARY PLATFORMS

2016 ◽  
Vol III-3 ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bechtold ◽  
B. Höfle
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Planning Algorithm ◽  
Survey Planning ◽  
And Training

In many technical domains of modern society, there is a growing demand for fast, precise and automatic acquisition of digital 3D models of a wide variety of physical objects and environments. Laser scanning is a popular and widely used technology to cover this demand, but it is also expensive and complex to use to its full potential. However, there might exist scenarios where the operation of a <i>real</i> laser scanner could be replaced by a computer simulation, in order to save time and costs. This includes scenarios like teaching and training of laser scanning, development of new scanner hardware and scanning methods, or generation of artificial scan data sets to support the development of point cloud processing and analysis algorithms. To test the feasibility of this idea, we have developed a highly flexible laser scanning simulation framework named <i>Heidelberg LiDAR Operations Simulator (HELIOS)</i>. HELIOS is implemented as a Java library and split up into a core component and multiple extension modules. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to define scanner, platform and scene models and to configure the behaviour of modules. Modules were developed and implemented for (1) loading of simulation assets and configuration (i.e. 3D scene models, scanner definitions, survey descriptions etc.), (2) playback of XML survey descriptions, (3) TLS survey planning (i.e. automatic computation of recommended scanning positions) and (4) interactive real-time 3D visualization of simulated surveys. As a proof of concept, we show the results of two experiments: First, a survey planning test in a scene that was specifically created to evaluate the quality of the survey planning algorithm. Second, a simulated TLS scan of a crop field in a precision farming scenario. The results show that HELIOS fulfills its design goals.

scholarly journals Reliability and Accuracy of Angular Measurements on Laser Scanning Created 3D Models of Dry Skulls

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Toneva ◽  
Silviya Nikolova ◽  
Ivan Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Profile Angle ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Relative Errors

The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy and reliability of skull angles measured on 3D models created by laser scanning. Five skulls were measured through both conventional and digital measuring methods. The 3D models were created using a hand-held laser scanner Creaform VIUscan™. Seven angular characteristics were measured three times by two observers. The intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient. The differences between the digital and direct measurements were assessed using the measurement and relative errors. The intraclass correlation coefficients for digitally taken angles indicated almost perfect intra- and interobserver reliability, except for the alveolar profile angle showing moderate interobserver agreement. The overall measurement error based on the differences between digitally and directly measured angles was 0.61° and the relative error was 0.68%.

scholarly journals Nighttime Mobile Laser Scanning and 3D Luminance Measurement: Verifying the Outcome of Roadside Tree Pruning with Mobile Measurement of the Road Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Mikko Maksimainen ◽  
Matti T. Vaaja ◽  
Matti Kurkela ◽  
Juho-Pekka Virtanen ◽  
Arttu Julin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Mobile Mapping ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Roadside Vegetation ◽  
Mapping System ◽  
Mobile Mapping System ◽  
The Difference

Roadside vegetation can affect the performance of installed road lighting. We demonstrate a workflow in which a car-mounted measurement system is used to assess the light-obstructing effect of roadside vegetation. The mobile mapping system (MMS) includes a panoramic camera system, laser scanner, inertial measurement unit, and satellite positioning system. The workflow and the measurement system were applied to a road section of Munkkiniemenranta, Helsinki, Finland, in 2015 and 2019. The relative luminance distribution on a road surface and the obstructing vegetation were measured before and after roadside vegetation pruning applying a luminance-calibrated mobile mapping system. The difference between the two measurements is presented, and the opportunities provided by the mobile 3D luminance measurement system are discussed.

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