scholarly journals Decision-Making Processes Underlying Pedestrian Behaviors at Signalized Crossings: Part 2. Do Pedestrians Show Cultural Herding Behavior?

Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelé ◽  
Deneubourg ◽  
Sueur
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
The Road ◽  
Social Coordination ◽  
Personal Motivation ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Transportation Research ◽  
Mimetic Behavior ◽  
Road Crossing

Followership is generally defined as a strategy that evolved to solve social coordination problems, and particularly those involved in group movement. Followership behavior is particularly interesting in the context of road-crossing behavior because it involves other principles such as risk-taking and evaluating the value of social information. This study sought to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying decision-making by pedestrians who follow another person across the road at the green or at the red light in two different countries (France and Japan). We used agent-based modelling to simulate the road-crossing behaviors of pedestrians. This study showed that modelling is a reliable means to test different hypotheses and find the processes underlying decision-making when crossing the road. We found that two processes suffice to simulate pedestrian behaviors: personal motivation and imitation. Importantly, the study revealed differences between the two nationalities and between sexes in the decision to follow and cross at the green and at the red light. Japanese pedestrians showed a greater mimetic behavior at the red light but the process takes into account both the number of crossing and waiting pedestrians, contrary to French citizens. Finally, the simulations are revealed to be similar to observations, not only for the departure latencies but also for the number of crossing pedestrians and the rates of illegal crossings. The conclusion suggests new solutions for safety in transportation research.

scholarly journals Cultural influence of social information use in pedestrian road-crossing behaviours

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 160739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Pelé ◽  
Caroline Bellut ◽  
Elise Debergue ◽  
Charlotte Gauvin ◽  
Anne Jeanneret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Information Use ◽  
The Road ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Information Use ◽  
Road Crossing

Social information use is common in a wide range of group-living animals, notably in humans. The role it plays in decision-making could be a key to understanding how social groups make collective decisions. The observation of road-crossing behaviours in the presence of other individuals is an ideal means to study the influence of social information on decision-making. This study investigated the influence of culture on social information used by pedestrians in a potentially dangerous scenario, namely road crossing. We scored the collective crossing of pedestrians at four locations in Nagoya (Japan) and three locations in Strasbourg (France). French pedestrians cross against the lights much more often (41.9%) than Japanese ones (2.1%). Individuals deciding to cross the road were strongly influenced by the behaviour and the presence of other pedestrians, especially in Japan, where a stronger conformism was noted. However, Japanese pedestrians were half as likely to be influenced by social information as their French counterparts when crossing at the red light, as they were more respectful of rules. Men show riskier behaviour than women (40.6% versus 25.7% of rule-breaking, respectively), deciding quickly and setting off earlier than women. Further related studies could help target specific preventive, culture-specific solutions for pedestrian safety.

Naturalizing Consciousness Emergence for AI Implementation Purposes

2017 ◽  
pp. 24-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Vallverdú ◽  
Max Talanov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Naturalistic Approach ◽  
Decision Making Processes

The purpose of this chapter is to delineate a naturalistic approach to consciousness. This bioinspired method does not try to emulate into a 1:1 scale real mechanisms but instead of it, we capture some basic brain mechanisms prone to be implemented into computational frameworks. Consequently, we adopt a functional view on consciousness, considering consciousness as one among other cognitive mechanisms useful for survival purposes in natural environments. Specifically, we wish to capture those mechanisms related to decision-making processes employed by brains in order to produce adaptive answer to the environment, because this is the main reason for the emergence and purpose of consciousness.

scholarly journals Pedestrians’ Crossing Dilemma during the First Seconds of the Red-Light Phase

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Iliani Styliani Anapali ◽  
Socrates Basbas ◽  
Andreas Nikiforiadis
Keyword(s):  
Classification Tree ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Light Phase ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
The Road ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
Road Crossing ◽  
The City

Most safety concerns for pedestrian trips arise during road crossing, due to the interaction of pedestrians with motorized vehicles. This present paper attempts to explore the factors that have significant impact on pedestrians’ crossing behavior, and to identify the group of pedestrians that appear to be the most prone to crossing a road during the first five seconds of the red phase. In this context, observations were conducted in twelve signalized crossings in one-way roads, in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The collected data (600 observations of crossing pedestrians) were analyzed statistically; more specifically, the observations were analyzed through descriptive statistics, and a classification tree was developed for predicting pedestrians’ decisions. The results indicate that pedestrians’ crossing behavior is most of all affected by the behavior of other pedestrians in the signalized crossing. Also, the number of traffic lanes has an impact on pedestrians’ decision to cross the road during the first five seconds of the red-light phase.

Sectional mapping of local roads in Spain

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1200-1209
Author(s):  
Angel Ibeas ◽  
Hernan Gonzalo_Orden ◽  
Luigi Dell’Olio ◽  
Jose Luis Moura
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
The Road ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Road Segments

The management of any road network can be improved by gathering information about the different road segments that form it. Geographic information systems (GISs) can be used to map and manipulate the large amount of information collected. This helps managers in their analysis of the network and in the decision-making processes. This article explains the development and practical use of the latest mapping carried out on the local roads in the region of Cantabria in northern Spain. The aim of the current study was to perform a thorough analysis of the characteristics of each segment of the road network to update and restructure the existing mapping. A geographic information system (GIS) was used for consulting and analyzing the data obtained now and over previous years. Moreover, the ways this information could be used in the decision-making process were improved for a regional road network which has, in general, a low volume of traffic.

scholarly journals Negotiation and Decision-Making for a Pedestrian Roadway Crossing: A Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roja Ezzati Amini ◽  
Christos Katrakazas ◽  
Constantinos Antoniou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Road ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Interaction Modeling ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Road Crossing

The interaction among pedestrians and human drivers is a complicated process, in which road users have to communicate their intentions, as well as understand and anticipate the actions of users in their vicinity. However, road users still ought to have a proper interpretation of each others’ behaviors, when approaching and crossing the road. Pedestrians, as one of the interactive agents, demonstrate different behaviors at road crossings, which do not follow a consistent pattern and may vary from one situation to another. The presented inconsistency and unpredictability of pedestrian road crossing behaviors may thus become a challenge for the design of emerging technologies in the near future, such as automated driving system (ADS). As a result, the current paper aims at understanding the effectual communication techniques, as well as the factors influencing pedestrian negotiation and decision-making process. After reviewing the state-of-the-art and identifying research gaps with regards to vehicle–pedestrian crossing encounters, a holistic approach for road crossing interaction modeling is presented and discussed. It is envisioned that the presented holistic approach will result in enhanced safety, sustainability, and effectiveness of pedestrian road crossings.

scholarly journals Decision-Making Processes Underlying Pedestrian Behaviors at Signalized Crossing: Part 1. The First to Step off the Kerb

Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelé ◽  
Deneubourg ◽  
Sueur
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Risk Sensitivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Rule Breaking

Pedestrians are ideal subjects for the study of decision-making, due to the inter-individual variation in risk taking. Many studies have attempted to understand which environmental factors influence the number of times pedestrians broke the rules at road-crossings, very few focused on the decision-making process of pedestrians according to the different conditions of these variables, that is to say their perception and interpretation of the information they receive. We used survival analyses and modeling to highlight the decision-making process of pedestrians crossing the road at signalized crossings in France and in Japan. For the first pedestrians to step off the kerb, we showed that the probability to cross the road follows three different processes: one at the red signal, one just before the pedestrian signal turns green, and one after the signal has turned green. Globally, the decision of the first pedestrian to cross, whether he or she does so at the green or at the red signal, is influenced by their country of residence. We identify the use of cognitive processes such as risk sensitivity and temporal discounting, and propose new concepts based on the results of this study to decrease the incidence of rule-breaking by pedestrians.

scholarly journals Disentangling choice value and choice conflict in sequential decisions under risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Fontanesi ◽  
Amitai Shenhav ◽  
Sebastian Gluth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Sequential Decision Making ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Decisions Under Risk ◽  
Choice Conflict ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in understanding the neural and cognitive dynamics that drive sequential decision making in general and foraging behavior in particular. Due to the intrinsic properties of most sequential decision-making paradigms, however, previous research in this area has suffered from the difficulty to disentangle properties of the decision related to (a) the value of switching to a new patch versus (b) the conflict experienced between choosing to stay or leave. Here, we show how the same problems arise in studies of sequential decision-making under risk, and how they can be overcome, taking as a specific example recent research on the `pig' dice game. In each round of the `pig' dice game, people roll a die and accumulate rewards until they either decide to proceed to the next round or lose all rewards. By combining simulation-based dissections of the task structure with two experiments, we show how an extension of the standard paradigm, together with cognitive modeling of decision-making processes, disentangles value- from conflict-related choice properties. Our study elucidates the cognitive mechanisms of sequential decision making and underscores the importance of avoiding potential pitfalls of paradigms that are commonly used in this research area.

scholarly journals Democracy and Financial Crisis Between the Five Presidents Report and the BREXIT: In Search for a New Way?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nellie Munin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Member States ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
The People ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Summary In the aftermath of the Brexit, the EU is swinging between a vision of enhanced integration, depicted by the Five Presidents Report, and a decision by the people of one of its leading member states - the UK - to withdraw this alliance, that may be interpreted as a non-confidence vote in the enhanced integration process underlying the EU. This article assumes that non-democratic elements embodied in the measures taken to pull out of the financial crisis and stabilize EU/EMU economies may enhance non-confidence among EU/EMU citizens, serving as incentives for more member states to opt out of this alliance, inspired by the Brexit. While it might have been expected that as the peak of the crisis passed, decision makers would pay more attention to ensure the democratic nature of such measures, comparison of the regulation enacted during the emergency phase and shortly thereafter with later regulation reveals that, despite certain improvements, many non-democratic elements still characterize both the nature of the measures devised and the decision-making processes leading to them. The article suggests that the Brexit should serve as a red light, reinforcing previous criticism calling for improving the democratic nature of such measures and of the decision-making processes involved, to prevent a further drift.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

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