scholarly journals Redistribution Preferences, Inequality Information, and Partisan Motivated Reasoning in the United States

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Clem Brooks ◽  
Elijah Harter
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The U.S

In an era of rising inequality, the U.S. public’s relatively modest support for redistributive policies has been a puzzle for scholars. Deepening the paradox is recent evidence that presenting information about inequality increases subjects’ support for redistributive policies by only a small amount. What explains inequality information’s limited effects? We extend partisan motivated reasoning scholarship to investigate whether political party identification confounds individuals’ processing of inequality information. Our study considers a much larger number of redistribution preference measures (12) than past scholarship. We offer a second novelty by bringing the dimension of historical time into hypothesis testing. Analyzing high-quality data from four American National Election Studies surveys, we find new evidence that partisanship confounds the interrelationship of inequality information and redistribution preferences. Further, our analyses find the effects of partisanship on redistribution preferences grew in magnitude from 2004 through 2016. We discuss implications for scholarship on information, motivated reasoning, and attitudes towards redistribution.

scholarly journals The Morrison Formation sauropod consensus: A freely accessible online spreadsheet of collected sauropod specimens, their housing institutions, contents, references, localities, and other potentially useful information

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Tschopp ◽  
John A. Whitlock ◽  
D. Cary Woodruff ◽  
John R. Foster ◽  
Roberto Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Museum Exhibits ◽  
3D Scans ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Sheer Number

The Morrison Formation has been explored for dinosaurs for more than 150 years, in particular for large sauropod skeletons to be mounted in museum exhibits around the world. Several long-term campaigns to the Jurassic West of the United States produced hundreds of specimens, ranging from isolated, fragmentary bones to nearly complete skeletons of these enormous herbivorous animals. Given the sheer number of specimens, keeping track of what is housed in which institution is paramount to study variability, taxonomy, and consequently geographic and temporal distribution of the various species and genera recognized from the Morrison Formation. In an attempt to facilitate these studies, we have compiled an online spreadsheet intended to combine all the available information on sauropod specimens from collection databases, published literature, and personal observations. These include lists of contents of the specimens, in what institution the material is housed, references mentioning, describing, figuring, providing measurements and/or 3D scans, locality data and stratigraphy, as well as other potentially useful data for research purposes. The spreadsheet is openly accessible, but editing is currently restricted to the authors of this study, in order to ensure high-quality data curation to keep the file as useful as possible.

A Tale of Bias: Longitudinal Evidence of the Effect of Electoral Defeat on Citizens’ Evaluations of the Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Quaranta ◽  
Moreno Mancosu ◽  
Sergio Martini
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Electoral Defeat ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract The winner–loser electoral status may affect citizens’ perceptions of the national economy. In the context of Europe, this issue has aroused little interest as multi-party competition makes it difficult to study. We look at the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, a top-down national referendum, which approximates second-order elections and divides voters in two groups, allowing the study of the effects of elections on opinions. Using a pre-post referendum panel survey, results show that losers—relying on motivated reasoning—radically change their retrospective and prospective economic evaluations after the referendum, and that this effect is conditional on party identification. The article provides new evidence on the role of partisan loyalties in the adjustment of economic perceptions.

scholarly journals The Morrison Formation Sauropod Consensus: A freely accessible online spreadsheet of collected sauropod specimens, their housing institutions, contents, references, localities, and other potentially useful information

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Tschopp ◽  
John A. Whitlock ◽  
D. Cary Woodruff ◽  
John R. Foster ◽  
Roberto Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Museum Exhibits ◽  
3D Scans ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Sheer Number

The Morrison Formation has been explored for dinosaurs for more than 150 years, often specifically for large sauropod skeletons curators wanted to mount as attractions in their museum exhibits around the world. Several long-term campaigns to the Jurassic West of the United States produced hundreds of specimens, ranging from isolated, fragmentary bones to nearly complete skeletons of these enormous herbivorous animals. Given the sheer number of specimens, keeping track of what is housed in which institution is paramount to study variability, taxonomy, and consequently geographic and temporal distribution of the various species and genera recognized from the Morrison Formation. In an attempt to facilitate these studies, we have compiled an online spreadsheet intended to combine all the available information on sauropod specimens from collection databases, published literature, and personal observations. These include lists of contents of the specimens, in what institution the material is housed, references mentioning, describing, figuring, providing measurements and/or 3D scans, locality data and stratigraphy, as well as other potentially useful data for research purposes. The spreadsheet is openly accessible, but editing is currently restricted to the authors of this study, in order to ensure high-quality data curation to keep the file as useful as possible.

Perinatal SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Neonatal COVID-19: A 2021 Update

NeoReviews ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. e284-e295
Author(s):  
Deepika Sankaran ◽  
Natasha Nakra ◽  
Ritu Cheema ◽  
Dean Blumberg ◽  
Satyan Lakshminrusimha
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
The Impact

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has swept across the world like an indiscriminating wildfire. Pregnant women and neonates are particularly vulnerable to this infection compared with older children and healthy young adults, with unique challenges in their management. Unfamiliarity with the consequences of this novel virus and lack of high-quality data led to considerable heterogeneity in obstetrical and neonatal management early in the pandemic. The aim of the this review is to summarize the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy and childbirth and to examine care and possible outcomes for neonates with Covid-19-positive mothers. A brief review of vaccines currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for emergency use and their potential effects on pregnant and lactating women in included.

Macropartisanship: An Empirical Reassessment

1991 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Abramson ◽  
Charles W. Ostrom
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
National Election ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The U.S

To evaluate the comparability of the Gallup and Michigan Survey Research Center measures for studying levels of partisanship among the U.S. electorate we compare the overtime distribution of partisanship and the correlates of partisanship using the results of Gallup surveys, the National Election Studies, and the General Social Surveys. Compared with the Gallup results, both the other two surveys reveal less short-term variation and also less total variation. Compared with the Gallup results, the National Election Studies partisanship results are less related to short-term electoral outcomes and do not appear to be strongly driven by short-term economic and political evaluations. Our analyses suggest that scholars should be cautious about using Gallup results to revise conclusions based upon analyses that employ the Michigan Survey Research Center party identification measure.

scholarly journals A common policy framework for evidence generation on promising health technologies

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (S2) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Carbonneil ◽  
Fabienne Quentin ◽  
Sun Hae Lee-Robin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Mass ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Marketing Approval ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Evidence Generation

Background: Generation of additional evidence may be necessary to access new promising technologies (marketing approval or coverage). Access with evidence generation (AEG) is a more recent concept with regard to coverage than to marketing approval.Objectives: One aim of Work Package 7 (WP7) Strand A of the European network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) was to provide an overview of national AEG mechanisms associated with marketing approvals and funding or coverage decisions.Methods: A systematic literature review, surveys of WP7 Partners, and consultation of key people were used to obtain information on the AEG mechanisms used by twenty-three countries (twenty European countries, United States, Canada [Ontario], and Australia).Results: Interest in the implementation of AEG policies, particularly at the coverage decision stage, is growing. An overview of national experiences was used to draw up a generally applicable five-step policy framework for AEG mechanisms that comprised (i) a first assessment identifying knowledge gaps; (ii) a decision conditional to evidence generation; (iii) generation of the evidence requested; (iv) re-assessment integrating the new evidence; (v) a revised decision. The critical factors for success that were identified were coordination, methodological guidance, funding, and a regulatory framework. Countries were categorized on the basis of current implementation of the proposed policy framework.Conclusions: International collaboration is necessary to gather a critical mass of high-quality data quickly and to ensure timely access to new promising technologies. The overview produced by WP7A has led to development of tools to facilitate collaboration on evidence generation.

The Growth of Real Product in the United States Before 1840: New Evidence, Controlled Conjectures

1967 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. David
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Douglass North ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The U.S

Scholarly opinion currently evinces disturbing symptoms of latent schizophrenia on the subject of economic growth in the ante-bellum United States. Virtually every student of the era now appears convinced that the long-term rate of growth of aggregate product per capita underwent a significant acceleration “somewhere during the period between 1815 and 1860,” as Douglass North recently phrased it. And, if many economic historians protest W. W. Rostow's labeling the years following 1843 as the period of the U.S. “take-off,” most do not seem to balk at accepting the guess hazarded by Raymond Goldsmith: “a fairly sharp break in the trend of real national product per head … occurred not very long before 1839,” quite probably during the 1830's. To the uninitiated, it might seem obvious that everybody also subscribes to an explicit set of assertions about the secular rate of growth of per capita product during the period from, say, the founding of the nation to the date of the putative acceleration; otherwise, how could all agree that a significant alteration in the trend had occurred?

scholarly journals Political Conversations in the United States: Who Talks to Whom, Why, and Why Not

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 277-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Earl Bennett ◽  
Bonnie Fisher ◽  
David Resnick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
National Election ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The U.S

Although normative political theorists have argued that citizens talking with other citizens about public affairs is essential in a democracy, empirically oriented political scientists have tended to ignore political discussions. This paper draws on National Election Studies and General Social Surveys to plumb the extent and breadth of political conversations in the U.S. We also explore who talks about public affairs, with whom they speak, and why some people avoid discussing politics. A logit analysis of pooled National Election Studies from 1984 to 1992 shows that some factors typically thought to affect taking part in politics are not significant predictors of the probability that people will engage in political discussions, but other variables not normally included in participation models do affect talking about politics.

Revisiting Hiroshima in Iran: What Americans Really Think about Using Nuclear Weapons and Killing Noncombatants

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Sagan ◽  
Benjamin A. Valentino
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Noncombatant Immunity ◽  
Just War Doctrine ◽  
War Aims ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The U.S

Numerous polls demonstrate that U.S. public approval of President Harry Truman's decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has declined significantly since 1945. Many scholars and political figures argue that this decline constitutes compelling evidence of the emergence of a “nuclear taboo” or that the principle of noncombatant immunity has become a deeply held norm. An original survey experiment, recreating the situation that the United States faced in 1945 using a hypothetical U.S. war with Iran today, provides little support for the nuclear taboo thesis. In addition, it suggests that the U.S. public's support for the principle of noncombatant immunity is shallow and easily overcome by the pressures of war. When considering the use of nuclear weapons, the majority of Americans prioritize protecting U.S. troops and achieving American war aims, even when doing so would result in the deliberate killing of millions of foreign noncombatants. A number of individual-level traits—Republican Party identification, older age, and approval of the death penalty for convicted murderers—significantly increase support for using nuclear weapons against Iran. Women are no less willing (and, in some scenarios, more willing) than men to support nuclear weapons use. These findings highlight the limited extent to which the U.S. public has accepted the principles of just war doctrine and suggest that public opinion is unlikely to be a serious constraint on any president contemplating the use of nuclear weapons in the crucible of war.

scholarly journals Time for Better Access to High-Quality Abortion Data in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (7) ◽  
pp. 640-647
Author(s):  
Katherine A Ahrens ◽  
Jennifer A Hutcheon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Activities

Abstract Despite considerable lay attention on the regulation and legislation of abortion in the United States, important gaps remain in our understanding of its incidence and health and social consequences since its legalization in 1973. Many of these gaps in knowledge can be attributed to a lack of access to high-quality, individual-level abortion data over the past 46 years. Herein, we review the strengths and limitations of different, currently available methods for enumerating abortions in the United States and discuss how lack of access to high-quality data limits our surveillance and research activities of not only abortion but other important reproductive and perinatal health outcomes. We conclude by discussing some potential opportunities for improved access to high-quality abortion data in the United States.

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