scholarly journals Longitudinal Change of Forearm-Hand Inertia Value and Shoulder Musculature Using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry in Youth Japanese Baseball Players: Implications for Elbow Injury

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Toshiharu Tsutsui ◽  
Toshihiro Maemichi ◽  
Satoshi Iizuka ◽  
Suguru Torii
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elbow Injury

It is important to understand the timing of the maximum increase of forearm-hand inertia value and lean body mass (LBM) of the shoulder girdle musculature when elbow injury frequently occurs. This study aimed to clarify the discrepancies of those in youth baseball players. Forty-three male baseball players (8- to 14-years-old) participated in this study. The forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature were calculated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A cubic spline fit was applied to the annual increase forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature for each chronological age and years from peak height velocity (PHV) age. As a result of cubic splines fitting, the peak timing for forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature was 12.42 and 12.75 years in chronological age, −0.66 and −0.11 years in PHV age. Therefore, the peak timing of forearm-hand inertia value was about 4 months earlier in chronological age and half a year earlier in PHV age than LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature. Acquiring sufficient shoulder girdle musculature during the period when the growth of the shoulder girdle musculature cannot catch up with forearm-hand inertial value is necessary to reduce the elbow load while throwing.

scholarly journals Injury Risk and Injury Burden Are Related to Age Group and Peak Height Velocity Among Talented Male Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596711881104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jan Bult ◽  
Maarten Barendrecht ◽  
Igor Joeri Ramon Tak
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Injury Burden

Background: The relationship between injury risk (IR) in age groups and periods around peak height velocity (PHV) remains unclear. PHV is defined as the moment of the largest increase in body height. Purpose: To investigate injury risk and injury burden as functions of growth velocity (periods around PHV) and chronological age groupings (under 12 years [U12] to U19) in talented youth male soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 170 players from the youth academy of a Dutch soccer club (highest professional league: Eredivisie) were observed for 1 to 3 seasons. Injuries, exposure, PHV age, and chronological age were registered. The injury incidence density (IID) and injury burden per 1000 hours of soccer participation, with 95% CIs, were calculated for 5 PHV periods and 7 age groups. These were compared with the overall cohort results using incidence ratios (IRs) and burden ratios (BRs) with 95% CIs. Results: The mean age at PHV was 14.4 ± 0.65 years (range, 12.8-16.5 years). The mean IID for the total cohort was 8.34 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI, 7.71-9.02). Compared with the overall mean, a significantly higher IID was found for PHV period 4+5 (IR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.00-1.71]; P = .049) and for the U15 group (IR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.24-1.79]; P < .001). The overall injury burden was 58.37 injury days per 1000 hours (95% CI, 56.66-60.13). In PHV period 4+5, the injury burden was significantly higher (BR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.39-1.68]; P < .001) when compared with the overall mean. Also, compared with the overall mean, the injury burden was higher in the U16 (BR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39-1.58]; P < .001), U15 (BR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19-1.38]; P < .001), and U17 groups (BR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.31]; P < .001). Conclusion: Talented young soccer players were more prone to injuries during the 6 months after PHV (31% above overall mean) as well as in the U15 group (49% above overall mean). Based on the higher injury burden in the U16 (48%), U15 (28%), and U17 (21%) groups, we suggest that research on injury risk factors and preventive measures should primarily target these age groups. Additional interventions based on PHV may be of limited value from a screening perspective. Further research is needed on the interaction between age groups and PHV periods.

Maturity-Related Variation in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among 9–14 Year Olds

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Wickel ◽  
Joey C. Eisenmann ◽  
Gregory J. Welk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Biological Maturity

Background:This study compared physical activity levels among early, average, and late maturing boys and girls.Methods:Physical activity was assessed with an Actigraph accelerometer in 161 (76 boys, 85 girls) 9 to 14 year olds over 7 consecutive days. Anthropometric variables were measured and the maturity offset (ie, years from peak height velocity) was predicted. Biological maturity groups (early, average, and late) were created based on the mean estimated age at peak height velocity for boys and girls separately.Results:Levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were similar between early, average, and late maturing boys and girls after adjusting for differences in chronological age. Levels of MVPA progressively declined across chronological age in boys and girls (P < .001) and gender differences existed at 10-, 12-, and 13-years, with boys having higher levels than girls (P < .05). When aligned according to biological age, gender-related differences in MVPA did not exist.Conclusions:Within this sample of 9 to 14 year old boys and girls, there were no significant differences in MVPA among early, average, and late maturing individuals.

scholarly journals Puberty timing and adiposity change across childhood and adolescence: disentangling cause and consequence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M O’Keeffe ◽  
Monika Frysz ◽  
Joshua A. Bell ◽  
Laura D. Howe ◽  
Abigail Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Puberty Onset

AbstractObjectiveTo better understand if earlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood.DesignProspective birth cohort study.SettingPopulation based study of children born in 1991/1992 in Bristol UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)).Participants4,186 participants (2,176 female and 1,990 male) of predominantly White ethnicity with 18,232 repeated measures throughout follow-up.Exposures & outcomesRepeated measures of height from 5y to 20y to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity) and repeated measures of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived fat mass from age 9y to 18y, modelled separately in females and males using models based on chronological age and time before and after puberty onset.ResultsMean age at peak height velocity was 11.7y (standard deviation (SD)=0.8y) for females and 13.6y (SD=0.9y) for males. In adjusted models of fat mass by chronological age, a one-year later age at peak height velocity was associated with 20.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18.5% to 22.3%) and 22.8% (95% (CI): 20.7% to 24.8%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively at 9y. These differences were smaller at age 18y: 7.8% (95% (CI):5.9% to 9.6%) and 11.9% (95% (CI): 9.1%, to 14.7%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively per year later age at peak height velocity. Trajectories of fat mass by time before and after puberty onset provided strong evidence for an association of pre-pubertal fat mass with puberty timing, and little evidence of an association of puberty timing with post-pubertal changes in fat mass in females. In males, findings were less clear before puberty though there was some evidence for an association of earlier puberty timing with great post-pubertal gain in fat mass.ConclusionsEarlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood in females. In males early to puberty, differences in fat mass after puberty are driven partially by tracking of adiposity from early childhood but also greater gains in post-pubertal adiposity. Reducing levels of childhood adiposity may help prevent both earlier puberty, later life adiposity and their associated adverse social, mental and physical health sequelae.

scholarly journals Morphological and Fitness Attributes of Young Male Portuguese Basketball Players: Normative Values According to Chronological Age and Years From Peak Height Velocity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Antunes Ramos ◽  
Luis Miguel Massuça ◽  
Anna Volossovitch ◽  
António Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Arm Span

The aims of the present study were: (i) to describe the structural and functional attributes of young male Portuguese basketball players aged 12–16 years and (ii) to generate normative data according to chronological age and years from peak height velocity. A total of 281 male Portuguese young basketball players between the ages of 12 and 16 years were assessed in this study. Chronological age, maturity parameters (maturity offset and predicted age at peak height velocity), morphological (body mass, height, and skinfolds and length), and fitness (sprint, change of direction ability, jump, and upper body strength) attributes were measured. Descriptive statistics were determined for the age and maturity status, and the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were chosen as reference values. Descriptive and normative values of the players' morphological and fitness attributes, stratified by age and maturity status, are provided. The normative values of age at peak height velocity (category YAPHV = 0) showed that regional basketball players presented average values (50th percentile) of 169.8 cm for height, 173.3 cm for arm span, 55.6 kg for body mass, 3.34 s for the 20-m speed test, 10.31 s for the T-test, 4.75 m for the 2-kg medicine ball throw, 66.9 kg for the combined right and left handgrip strength, and 30.1 and 35.9 cm for jump height in the countermovement jump (CMJ) and CMJ with arm swing, respectively. In conclusion, these results may be helpful to quantify and control an athlete's performance over time and to adjust strength and conditioning programs to biological demands.

scholarly journals Biological maturation of Portuguese rhythmic gymnasts in different competition levels of performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Amanda Batista ◽  
Rui Garganta ◽  
Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Competitive Performance ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Competition Level

The aims of the present study were: (1) identify and compare the biological maturity in Portuguese gymnasts across competitive levels; (2) investigate how morphological variables and training volume behave in the different status and indicators of maturity and (3) determinate if the maturity status influences the competitive performance. The sample (n=164) consisted of three competition levels (Base, 1st division and Elite) from Portugal. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were performed. For analysis of biological maturation, the sexual and somatic maturation were evaluated. For the statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, Pearson correlation and Linear Regression were used. In total, 63.4% of gymnasts had not yet reached menarche and the higher competition level, lower the number of gymnasts with menarche. On mean, all groups had reached the age at peak height velocity. The higher the competition level, higher the chronological age and age at peak height velocity. Thus, the maturation indicators showed a delay in pubertal development in all competition levels and the elite gymnasts seem present a later pubertal development. The chronological age, the values of body mass, height, BMI and body fat increased with the maturity status according all maturity indicators. However, gymnasts with different maturity status revealed similar training volume. Finally, the maturational status explained 11.5% of competition success with higher advantage in the competitive performance to prepubertal gymnasts. Thus, the premenarcheal status and a higher age at peak height velocity contribute to performance in Rhythmic Gymnastics.

scholarly journals Biological age vs. chronological age: the impact on the development of the young tennis athlete

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (80) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
André Vilela Brito
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Birth Date ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maturational Timing

The aim of this paper is to understand how various factors such as maturation, peak height velocity, body growth and the effect of relative age can interfere with the athlete's development in sports and in personal terms. Studies indicate that athletes’ development is made up of several stages of maturation, and it is likely that they may occur at different timings depending on the athlete, their birth date, their upbringing, and the type of practice they have undertaken. Thus, we will have to be aware of the prediction we make of an athlete’s progression because this maturational timing influences both the physical and mental progression of the athlete. This is especially true given that evidence shows that those born in the first semester of the season or year may have early advantages over those born in the second semester. This may include finding ways to limit the ability to give more means and selection to teams or players that are stronger or more mature.

scholarly journals Reference norms for evaluating maximum expiratory flow of children and adolescents of the Maule Region in Chile

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5157
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños ◽  
Cynthia Andruske ◽  
Miguel Arruda ◽  
Jose Sulla-Torres ◽  
Jaime Pacheco-Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Maximum Expiratory Flow ◽  
Expiratory Flow

Background The norms for evaluating the maximum expiratory flow (MEF) usually are developed according to chronological age and height. However, to date, little research has been conducted using reference values that take into account the temporal changes of biological maturation. The objectives of this study were to (a) compare the MEF with those of other international studies, (b) align the MEF values with chronological and biological age, and (c) propose reference standards for children and adolescents. Methods The sample studied consisted of 3,566 students of both sexes (1,933 males and 1,633 females) ranging in age from 5.0 to 17.9 years old. Weight, standing height, and sitting height were measured. Body mass index was calculated. Biological maturation was predicted by using age of peak height velocity growth (APHV). MEF (L/min) was obtained by using a forced expiratory manoeuvre. Percentiles were calculated using the LMS method. Results and Discussion Predicted APHV was at age 14.77 ± 0.78 years for males and for females at age 12.74 ± 1.0 years. Biological age was more useful than chronological age for assessing MEF in both sexes. Based on these findings, regional percentiles were created to diagnose and monitor the risk of asthma and the general expiratory status of paediatric populations.

scholarly journals Are Early or Late Maturers Likely to Be Fitter in the General Population?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Alan M. Nevill ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Tony D. Myers ◽  
Michael J. Duncan ◽  
Helmi Chaabene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Late Maturer ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Shape Ratio

The present study aims to identify the optimal body-size/shape and maturity characteristics associated with superior fitness test performances having controlled for body-size, sex, and chronological-age differences. The sample consisted of 597 Tunisian children (396 boys and 201 girls) aged 8 to 15 years. Three sprint speeds recorded at 10, 20 and 30 m; two vertical and two horizontal jump tests; a change-of-direction and a handgrip-strength tests, were assessed during physical-education classes. Allometric modelling was used to identify the benefit of being an early or late maturer. Findings showed that being tall and light is the ideal shape to be successful at most physical fitness tests, but the height-to-weight “shape” ratio seems to be test-dependent. Having controlled for body-size/shape, sex, and chronological age, the model identified maturity-offset as an additional predictor. Boys who go earlier/younger through peak-height-velocity (PHV) outperform those who go at a later/older age. However, most of the girls’ physical-fitness tests peaked at the age at PHV and decline thereafter. Girls whose age at PHV was near the middle of the age range would appear to have an advantage compared to early or late maturers. These findings have important implications for talent scouts and coaches wishing to recruit children into their sports/athletic clubs.

Growth, Maturation, and Exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Jaak Jürimäe
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Mean Differences

This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV) in 193 Polish boys followed longitudinally 8-18 years (1961-1972). Actual APHV was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted APHV was estimated at each observation using chronological age (CA), stature, mass, sitting height and estimated leg length. Mean predicted APHV increased from 8 to 18 years. Actual APHV was underestimated at younger ages and overestimated at older ages. Mean differences between predicted and actual APHV were reasonably stable between 13 and 15 years. Predicted APHV underestimated actual APHV 3 years before, was almost identical with actual age 2 years before, and then overestimated actual age through 3 years after PHV. Predicted APHV did not differ among boys of contrasting maturity status 8-11 years, but diverged among groups 12-15 years. In conclusion, predicted APHV is influenced by CA and by early and late timing of actual PHV. Predicted APHV has applicability among average maturing boys 12-16 years in contrast to late and early maturing boys. Dependence upon age and individual differences in actual APHV limits utility of predicted APHV in research with male youth athletes and in talent programs.

Assessment of biological maturation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Malina
Keyword(s):  
Adult Height ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Growth Status ◽  
Non Invasive

The processes of growth and maturation occur concurrently and are related. Chapter 1 discusses indicators of growth status and rate followed by a description of methods for assessment of maturity status and timing. Status refers to the state of maturation at the time of observation. Skeletal age and stages of puberty indicate status. Timing refers to the chronological age at which specific maturational events occur. Ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and at menarche are used most often. Skeletal age is applicable from childhood through adolescence; other indicators of status and timing are limited to the interval of puberty and the growth spurt. Increasingly used non-invasive indicators of maturation include percentage of predicted adult height attained at the time of observation (status) and predicted maturity offset or time before age at PHV (timing). Both have limitations and require further validation.

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