Growth, Maturation, and Exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Jaak Jürimäe
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Mean Differences

This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV) in 193 Polish boys followed longitudinally 8-18 years (1961-1972). Actual APHV was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted APHV was estimated at each observation using chronological age (CA), stature, mass, sitting height and estimated leg length. Mean predicted APHV increased from 8 to 18 years. Actual APHV was underestimated at younger ages and overestimated at older ages. Mean differences between predicted and actual APHV were reasonably stable between 13 and 15 years. Predicted APHV underestimated actual APHV 3 years before, was almost identical with actual age 2 years before, and then overestimated actual age through 3 years after PHV. Predicted APHV did not differ among boys of contrasting maturity status 8-11 years, but diverged among groups 12-15 years. In conclusion, predicted APHV is influenced by CA and by early and late timing of actual PHV. Predicted APHV has applicability among average maturing boys 12-16 years in contrast to late and early maturing boys. Dependence upon age and individual differences in actual APHV limits utility of predicted APHV in research with male youth athletes and in talent programs.

scholarly journals Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254659
Author(s):  
Robert M. Malina ◽  
Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
Diogo V. Martinho ◽  
Paulo Sousa-e-Siva ◽  
Antonio J. Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
Offset Time ◽  
Age Range

The purpose of the study was to evaluate predicted maturity offset (time before age at PHV) and age at PHV (chronological age [CA] minus maturity offset) in a longitudinal sample of 58 under-13 club level soccer players in central Portugal for whom ages at PHV were estimated with the SITAR model. Two maturity offset prediction equations were applied: the original equation which requires CA sitting height, estimated leg length, height and weight, and a modified equation which requires CA and height. Predicted maturity offset increased, on average, with CA at prediction throughout the age range considered, while variation in predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV within CA groups was considerably reduced compared to variation in observed ages at offset and at PHV. Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV were consistently later than observed maturity offset and age at PHV among early maturing players, and earlier than observed in late maturing players. Both predicted offset and ages at PHV with the two equations were, on average, later than observed among players maturing on time. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at PHV with each equation was considerable. The results for soccer players were consistent with similar studies in the general population and two recent longitudinal studies of soccer players. The results question the utility of predicted maturity offset and age at PHV as valid indicators of maturity timing and status.

scholarly journals Comparison of maturation and physical performance in basketball athletes of different playing positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Keila Barazetti ◽  
Pedro Rafael Varoni ◽  
Fernando de Souza Campos ◽  
Michelli Demarchi ◽  
Lucielle Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Sitting Height

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of somatic maturation, anthropometric and physical performance (vertical jump and aerobic power) in young basketball players of different playing positions (under 13 years) and analyze these relationships using Peak Height Velocity (PHV) as a measure of somatic maturation. For this, 26 male athletes were evaluated. Anthropometric variables were: body mass, standing and sitting height, and length of lower limbs. Maturation was determined by age at PHV. Physical performance was determined by lower limb power (counter movement jump - CMJ) and aerobic power (Intermittent Recovery Test) tests. MANOVA reported significant differences (p<0.05) among playing positions regarding variables Maturity Offset, estimated PHV age, standing height, sitting height, estimated leg length, body mass and Yo-Yo IR1. In addition, it was identified that point guards reached estimated PHV at later age than their peers who act as small forwards and centers. Regarding CMJ, no significant differences were identified among playing positions, but in relation to aerobic power, point guards and small forwards presented higher performance. These findings confirm that maturation has great effect on growth and physical performance measures and the estimated PHV age is an applicable tool in young athletes, mainly aiding professionals in structuring the teaching-learning- training process in this age group.

scholarly journals Injury Risk and Injury Burden Are Related to Age Group and Peak Height Velocity Among Talented Male Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596711881104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jan Bult ◽  
Maarten Barendrecht ◽  
Igor Joeri Ramon Tak
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Injury Burden

Background: The relationship between injury risk (IR) in age groups and periods around peak height velocity (PHV) remains unclear. PHV is defined as the moment of the largest increase in body height. Purpose: To investigate injury risk and injury burden as functions of growth velocity (periods around PHV) and chronological age groupings (under 12 years [U12] to U19) in talented youth male soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 170 players from the youth academy of a Dutch soccer club (highest professional league: Eredivisie) were observed for 1 to 3 seasons. Injuries, exposure, PHV age, and chronological age were registered. The injury incidence density (IID) and injury burden per 1000 hours of soccer participation, with 95% CIs, were calculated for 5 PHV periods and 7 age groups. These were compared with the overall cohort results using incidence ratios (IRs) and burden ratios (BRs) with 95% CIs. Results: The mean age at PHV was 14.4 ± 0.65 years (range, 12.8-16.5 years). The mean IID for the total cohort was 8.34 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI, 7.71-9.02). Compared with the overall mean, a significantly higher IID was found for PHV period 4+5 (IR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.00-1.71]; P = .049) and for the U15 group (IR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.24-1.79]; P < .001). The overall injury burden was 58.37 injury days per 1000 hours (95% CI, 56.66-60.13). In PHV period 4+5, the injury burden was significantly higher (BR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.39-1.68]; P < .001) when compared with the overall mean. Also, compared with the overall mean, the injury burden was higher in the U16 (BR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39-1.58]; P < .001), U15 (BR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19-1.38]; P < .001), and U17 groups (BR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.31]; P < .001). Conclusion: Talented young soccer players were more prone to injuries during the 6 months after PHV (31% above overall mean) as well as in the U15 group (49% above overall mean). Based on the higher injury burden in the U16 (48%), U15 (28%), and U17 (21%) groups, we suggest that research on injury risk factors and preventive measures should primarily target these age groups. Additional interventions based on PHV may be of limited value from a screening perspective. Further research is needed on the interaction between age groups and PHV periods.

scholarly journals Effects of Maturation on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Asymmetries in Elite Youth Tennis Players

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Madruga-Parera ◽  
Daniel Romero-Rodríguez ◽  
Chris Bishop ◽  
Maria Reyes Beltran-Valls ◽  
Alex T. Latinjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Index ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Jumping Test

Neuromuscular asymmetries have been previously associated with reduced performance. Similarly, maturation has shown that youth athletes may experience a loss of motor control, which could also lead to compromised physical performance. The present study aimed to evaluate and quantify the level of asymmetry among chronological and maturational groups. Forty-one youth tennis players performed the single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), star excursion balance test (SEBT) and a change of direction speed (CODS) test. Differences were found between the strongest and weakest limbs across all tests (p < 0.001), and also for SEBT in the posteromedial direction (p = 0.02), SEBT composite score (p < 0.01) in maturation groups, and for SEBT posterolateral direction (p = 0.03) and SEBT composite score (p = 0.01) in chronological groups. The SLCMJ showed the largest inter-limb asymmetries for the circa peak height velocity (PHV) group (19.31 ± 12.19%) and under-14 (U14) group (17.55 ± 9.90%). Chronological and maturation groups followed similar trends for inter-limb asymmetries, but the biological index showed larger asymmetry scores in the jumping test at PHV compared to that found in the chronological group (U14). These results show that inter-limb differences may be heightened during PHV. Practitioners can use this information to inform the decision-making process when prescribing training interventions in youth tennis players.

Associations Between Balance and Muscle Strength, Power Performance in Male Youth Athletes of Different Maturity Status

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raouf Hammami ◽  
Anis Chaouachi ◽  
Issam Makhlouf ◽  
Urs Granacher ◽  
David G. Behm
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Back Extensor

Balance, strength and power relationships may contain important information at various maturational stages to determine training priorities. Purpose:The objective was to examine maturity-specific relationships of static/dynamic balance with strength and power measures in young male athletes.Methods:Soccer players (N = 130) aged 10–16 were assessed with the Stork and Y balance (YBT) tests. Strength/power measures included back extensor muscle strength, standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 3-hop jump tests. Associations between balance with strength/power variables were calculated according to peak-height-velocity (PHV).Results:There were significant medium-large sized correlations between all balance measures with back extensor strength (r = .486–.791) and large associations with power (r = .511–.827). These correlation coefficients were significantly different between pre-PHV and circa PHV as well as pre-PHV and post-PHV with larger associations in the more mature groups. Irrespective of maturity-status, SLJ was the best strength/power predictor with the highest proportion of variance (12–47%) for balance (i.e., Stork eyes opened) and the YBT was the best balance predictor with the highest proportion of variance (43–78%) for all strength/power variables.Conclusion:The associations between balance and muscle strength/power measures in youth athletes that increase with maturity may imply transfer effects from balance to strength/power training and vice versa in youth athletes.

scholarly journals Hopping and Landing Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: Effects of Age and Maturation

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 902-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Read ◽  
Jon Oliver ◽  
Mark De Ste Croix ◽  
Gregory Myer ◽  
Rhodri Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractQuantifying hopping and landing performances can assist coaches in identifying young male soccer players who may be at increased risk of injury. The influence of chronological age and maturation on these measures in this population is unknown. Single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and 75% horizontal hop and stick landing force (75%Hop) were examined in a cross-sectional sample (N=400) of elite male youth soccer players. Between-group differences for both chronological age (U11–U18) and stage of maturation (pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity (PHV)) were analyzed. Absolute 75%Hop increased with both age and maturation. Apart from the U18s, pre-PHV and U11–U12 players displayed the greatest relative landing forces compared to all other groups (p<0.001; d=0.56–0.93). Absolute and relative SLHD were greatest in the U18s and post-PHV players (p<0.001; d=0.35–2.04). A trend showed increased SLHD with each consecutive age group although a reduction in performance was identified in the U13s (d=0.50–0.59). High volumes of accumulated soccer participation in the U18s may lead to altered landing strategies indicative of high injury risk. A temporary reduction in hop performance in the U13s may also be linked to a period of adolescent awkwardness.

Maturity-Related Variation in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among 9–14 Year Olds

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Wickel ◽  
Joey C. Eisenmann ◽  
Gregory J. Welk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Biological Maturity

Background:This study compared physical activity levels among early, average, and late maturing boys and girls.Methods:Physical activity was assessed with an Actigraph accelerometer in 161 (76 boys, 85 girls) 9 to 14 year olds over 7 consecutive days. Anthropometric variables were measured and the maturity offset (ie, years from peak height velocity) was predicted. Biological maturity groups (early, average, and late) were created based on the mean estimated age at peak height velocity for boys and girls separately.Results:Levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were similar between early, average, and late maturing boys and girls after adjusting for differences in chronological age. Levels of MVPA progressively declined across chronological age in boys and girls (P < .001) and gender differences existed at 10-, 12-, and 13-years, with boys having higher levels than girls (P < .05). When aligned according to biological age, gender-related differences in MVPA did not exist.Conclusions:Within this sample of 9 to 14 year old boys and girls, there were no significant differences in MVPA among early, average, and late maturing individuals.

scholarly journals Longitudinal BMI percentile curves by maturity status of Japanese children

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Mino ◽  
Robert M. Malina ◽  
Koichi Nariyama
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Percentile Curves ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Before And After

Abstract The objective of the research was to prepare longitudinal percentile curves for the BMI (kg/m2) relative to time before and after peak height velocity (PHV) in Japanese boys and girls born between 1989 and 1991. Stature and weight were measured in every April from 6.5 to 16.5 years for 283 boys and 480 girls. Age at PHV was estimated by the proportional allotment method. The 50th percentile curves for the BMI of Japanese boys and girls born between 1989 and 1991 were similar to the corresponding curves for Japanese boys and girls born between 1972 and 1974. However, the 97th percentiles of children born between 1989 and 1991 were higher and the corresponding 3rd percentiles were lower compared to children born between 1972 and 1974. The differences can be attributed to the influence of early maturing children born between 1989 and 1991 on the 97th percentiles and of late maturing children born between 1989 and 1991 on the 3rd percentiles. The results highlight the need to consider the timing of maturity, in this case, age at PHV, when interpreting the BMI of adolescents.

scholarly journals Improving the Prediction of Maturity From Anthropometric Variables Using a Maturity Ratio

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Job Fransen ◽  
Stephen Bush ◽  
Stephen Woodcock ◽  
Andrew Novak ◽  
Dieter Deprez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Akaike Information Criterion ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
New Model ◽  
Youth Athletes

Purpose:This study aimed to improve the prediction accuracy of age at peak height velocity (APHV) from anthropometric assessment using nonlinear models and a maturity ratio rather than a maturity offset.Methods:The dataset used to develop the original prediction equations was used to test a new prediction model, utilizing the maturity ratio and a polynomial prediction equation. This model was then applied to a sample of male youth academy soccer players (n = 1330) to validate the new model in youth athletes.Results:A new equation was developed to estimate APHV more accurately than the original model (new model: Akaike information criterion: −6062.1,R2 = 90.82%; original model: Akaike information criterion = 3048.7,R2 = 88.88%) within a general population of boys, particularly with relatively high/low APHVs. This study has also highlighted the successful application of the new model to estimate APHV using anthropometric variables in youth athletes, thereby supporting the use of this model in sports talent identification and development.Conclusion:This study argues that this newly developed equation should become standard practice for the estimation of maturity from anthropometric variables in boys from both a general and an athletic population.

scholarly journals Effect of biological maturation on gross motor coordination in boys: a mediation analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Henrique Bezerra-Santos ◽  
Leonardo Gomes de Oliveira Luz ◽  
Braulio Patrick da Silva-Lima ◽  
Ingrid Kelly Alves dos Santos-Pinheiro ◽  
Arnaldo Tenório da Cunha-Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Walking Backward

Abstract Introduction: The literature emphasizes the importance of acquiring good motor coordination in the early years of life and its relationship with physical fitness and physical activity during adolescence and adulthood. Objective: To analyze the effect of biological maturation on the motor coordination in boys. Method: The sample was composed by 203 boys between 11 and 14 years old. Height, body mass, sitting height, waist circumference (WC) and skinfolds were measured. Somatic maturation (SM) was assessed by maturity offset (estimated age at peak height velocity). The gross motor coordination was evaluated by Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) battery. Results: The SM exerted an effect on the walking backward on balance beams (WB) mediated by the WC. Conclusion: The results showed that the performance of boys in the WB was negatively influenced by the greater volume of fat in the trunk related to a more advanced state of SM.

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