scholarly journals The Improved Canopy Shading Model Based on the Apple Intercropping System (Case Study: Loess Plateau, China)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3486
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Huaxing Bi ◽  
Yubo Sun ◽  
Hangqi Duan ◽  
Ruidong Peng
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Simulation Accuracy ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Similarity Principle ◽  
Improved Model

The canopy shading model is widely used in agroforestry systems. However, the canopy shading model cannot be verified by the measured shading distribution of an apple tree due to the uneven ground and adjacent apple trees. This paper measures the spatial‒temporal distribution of the shading of apple trees based on the similarity principle of parallel solar light combined with 3D printing technology to improve the canopy shading model. The following results are drawn: (1) The current widely used canopy shading model does not consider the effect of the canopy penumbra, resulting in poor simulation accuracy in the shading distribution compared to the actual measurement; (2) The effect of canopy penumbra causes the deflection of sunlight. Hence, the paper presents the deflection equation of sunlight with statistically defined parameters derived using measured data of the shading distribution. The deflection equation of sunlight is added to the improved canopy shading model. The improved model can accurately simulate the shading distribution of an apple tree, and the simulation accuracy exceeds 94.12% when compared with the shading distribution of an apple tree; (3) The improved canopy shading model is applied to simulate the spatial‒temporal distribution of the shading of apple trees in a conventional arrangement (4 m × 5 m), and the simulation accuracy exceeds 89%. Thus, the improved canopy shading model can be applied to simulate the spatial‒temporal distribution of shading of apple trees.

scholarly journals AN INVESTIGATION ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION EXPENDITURE FORECASTING

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ross ◽  
Katie Dalton ◽  
Begum Sertyesilisik
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Work Affect ◽  
Cash Flow Forecast ◽  
Parameter Values

This study aims to determine the accuracy of the cash flow models and to investigate if these models could be more accurate if they accounted for the potentially influential variables specific to individual construction projects. An analytical case study research strategy has been implemented in collecting data for the construction projects. The data collected has been tested against recognised models. Statistical analyses have been carried out on the data for the specified variables, culminating in the potential proposal of an improved model with respect to these identified variables. The results revealed that the independent variables (type of construction, procurement route and type of work) affect the cash flow forecast. The findings suggested that a model could be more accurate with the input of more job-specific variables and that Hudson's DHSS model is best suited to a construction project procured traditionally. Adopting the ‘trial and error’ approach, Hudson's DHSS model has been recognised as an accurate model that could be adapted slightly, through changing the parameter values. The clients and the contractors are the main beneficiaries approached for this study.

Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

Developing Blue Ocean Strategy in Construction Industries Using an Improved Model of Kano

2017 ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abdolshah ◽  
Fariborz Ahmadzadeh ◽  
Afshin Abbaspour
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Selection Of

Blue ocean strategy includes a consistent pattern of strategic thinking in the creation of new markets in various industries. This chapter examines how to create a blue ocean and its role in improving the construction industry. This is library research alongwith case study. It has been prepared based on information gathered from articles published in international journals and referring to large and reputable builder companies. In the concept of strategy, “Blue Ocean” is referred to two overall scope of blue and red ocean. In this chapter, we used the Kano method for evaluation and selection of the features in the construction industry and then, through a four-step approach, it was decided what features should be removed, innovated, enhanced or improved. Finally, using improved hybrid model of Kano and the pillars of the blue ocean strategy, we concluded that economic factors and psychological factors that impact on the consumers need investment and more attention.

scholarly journals Use of avoidance behaviours to reduce the economic impacts of the EU Landing Obligation: the case study of a mixed trawl fishery

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1554-1566
Author(s):  
Fabien Pointin ◽  
Fabienne Daurès ◽  
Marie-Joëlle Rochet
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Grid Method ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Otter Trawl ◽  
Trawl Fishery ◽  
Nested Grid ◽  
Fishing Practices ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The EU Landing Obligation (LO) is designed to reduce bycatch (i.e. unwanted catch) through more selective fishing practices, such as avoidance behaviours which consist in allocating fishing effort to other species, fishing grounds or seasons. Incentives for fishers to change their behaviours depend on their economic performances as well as their ability to avoid bycatch. Changes in economic performances under the LO are evaluated based on cost and revenue equations. The nested grid method is then used to explore the spatial and temporal distribution of landings and discards, and to suggest alternative effort allocation to avoid bycatch. This article is focussed specifically on the French otter trawl fishery in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea. Results suggest that under the LO the choke species problem will curtail fishing activities earlier in the year, leading to significant economic losses. In the absence of significant quota top-ups (at least 75%), a change in fishing practices consisting in reducing overall bycatch by 30% is insufficient to reduce losses. With a particular attention to choke species, more economically efficient avoidance strategies can be found thanks to the nested grid method.

scholarly journals A study on the characteristics and influencing factors of reservoir sedimentation in Wanjiazhai Reservoir

2018 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 01046
Author(s):  
Zhihui Ren ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Yuanjian Wang ◽  
Shaojun Qu
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Reservoir Operation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Sediment Deposition ◽  
Reservoir Sedimentation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Reservoir Area ◽  
The Impact

Based on measured data of the Wanjiazhai Reservoir in different periods, the characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentation in the reservoir area were preliminarily analyzed and the impact of reservoir operation on this distribution was discussed. Primary conclusions are as followed: in terms of temporal distribution, sedimentation continuously accumulated over the period from 2000 to 2017, with the sediment deposition ratio dramatically decreasing between 2011 and 2017; in terms of spatial distribution, the sedimentation in the reservoir area was mainly concentrated downstream of the WD54 section, with the highest concentration being downstream of the WD23 section. The characteristics of sedimentation distribution in the reservoir area were closely related to inflow and sediment conditions and reservoir operation water level. When the water level was lower than 952 m, the sediment deposition ratio was lower than 0. To further improve the sediment deposition form in the reservoir area, lowering water level and ejecting the sediment are recommended in a timely manner.

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