scholarly journals Disaster Aid Targeting and Self-Reporting Bias: Natural Experimental Evidence from the Philippines

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Yuki Higuchi ◽  
Nobuhiko Fuwa ◽  
Kei Kajisa ◽  
Takahiro Sato ◽  
Yasuyuki Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Reporting Bias ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Objective Information ◽  
Disaster Situation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Disaster Aid

Aid from the government can play a critical role as a risk-coping device in a post-disaster situation if the recipients are properly targeted. We analyze the accuracy of disaster aid targeting and self-reporting bias in disaster damage and aid receipt by combining (i) satellite images (objective information on flood damage), (ii) administrative records (objective information on post-flood aid receipt), and (iii) unique survey data (self-reported information on damage assessment and aid receipt) on a large-scale flooding in 2012 in the Philippines. We find that damage is over-reported while aid receipt is under-reported, and as a result, the estimated targeting accuracy based on self-reported information is substantially downward-biased.

Trust in scientists in times of pandemic: Panel evidence from 12 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2108576118
Author(s):  
Yann Algan ◽  
Daniel Cohen ◽  
Eva Davoine ◽  
Martial Foucault ◽  
Stefanie Stantcheva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Compliant Behavior ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

This article analyzes the specific and critical role of trust in scientists on both the support for and compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We exploit large-scale, longitudinal, and representative surveys for 12 countries over the period from March to December 2020, and we complement the analysis with experimental data. We find that trust in scientists is the key driving force behind individual support for and compliance with NPIs and for favorable attitudes toward vaccination. The effect of trust in government is more ambiguous and tends to diminish support for and compliance with NPIs in countries where the recommendations from scientists and the government were not aligned. Trust in others also has seemingly paradoxical effects: in countries where social trust is high, the support for NPIs is low due to higher expectations that others will voluntary social distance. Our individual-level longitudinal data also allows us to evaluate the effects of within-person changes in trust over the pandemic: we show that trust levels and, in particular, trust in scientists have changed dramatically for individuals and within countries, with important subsequent effects on compliant behavior and support for NPIs. Such findings point out the challenging but critical need to maintain trust in scientists during a lasting pandemic that strains citizens and governments.

Citizen-to-Citizen Resource Sharing in Emergency Response

Crowdsourcing ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 578-605
Author(s):  
Soon Ae Chun ◽  
Jaideep S. Vaidya ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Atluri ◽  
Basit Shafiq ◽  
Nabil R. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Mobile Crowdsourcing ◽  
Disaster Situation ◽  
The Government

During large-scale manmade or natural disasters, such as Superstorm Sandy and Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, collaborations among government agencies, NGOs, and businesses need to be coordinated to provide necessary resources to respond to emergency events. However, resources from citizens themselves are underutilized, such as their equipment or expertise. The citizen participation via social media enhanced the situational awareness, but the response management is still mainly handled by the government or government-sanctioned partners. By harnessing the power of citizen crowdsourcing, government agencies can create enhanced disaster situation awareness and facilitate effective utilization of resources provided by citizen volunteers, resulting in more effective disaster responses. This chapter presents a public engagement in emergency response (PEER) framework that provides an online and mobile crowdsourcing platform for incident reporting and citizens' resource volunteering as well as an intelligent recommender system to match-make citizen resources with emergency tasks.

Citizen-to-Citizen Resource Sharing in Emergency Response

2018 ◽  
pp. 130-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soon Ae Chun ◽  
Jaideep S. Vaidya ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Atluri ◽  
Basit Shafiq ◽  
Nabil R. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Mobile Crowdsourcing ◽  
Disaster Situation ◽  
The Government

During large-scale manmade or natural disasters, such as Superstorm Sandy and Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, collaborations among government agencies, NGOs, and businesses need to be coordinated to provide necessary resources to respond to emergency events. However, resources from citizens themselves are underutilized, such as their equipment or expertise. The citizen participation via social media enhanced the situational awareness, but the response management is still mainly handled by the government or government-sanctioned partners. By harnessing the power of citizen crowdsourcing, government agencies can create enhanced disaster situation awareness and facilitate effective utilization of resources provided by citizen volunteers, resulting in more effective disaster responses. This chapter presents a public engagement in emergency response (PEER) framework that provides an online and mobile crowdsourcing platform for incident reporting and citizens' resource volunteering as well as an intelligent recommender system to match-make citizen resources with emergency tasks.

Natural Disaster Measures on Tokyo Metro

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-297
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Kogure ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Inland Earthquake ◽  
The Government ◽  
Damage Simulation

This article includes the natural disaster measures taken by Tokyo Metro. In addition to those taken by the former Teito Rapid Transit Authority, Tokyo Metro has been taking new measures -- based on experiences from the Great East Japan Earthquake and a large-scale flood damage simulation recently released by the government -- in preparation for the inland earthquake expected in the capital and flooding from the Arakawa River.

Retailing in urban Japan, 1868–1945

Urban History ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Dual Structure ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
Retail Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modernization Process

In Japan, department stores and public markets grew rapidly from the early twentieth century, and these had significant impacts on both consumers and traditional retailers. Despite pressures from the large-scale retailers, however, traditional, small-scale retailers stubbornly survived. As a result, the Japanese retail system in the pre-war period was characterized as ‘the dual structure’. In addition, the government played a critical role in Japan's retail development. These features can be accounted for as reflections of the unique modernization process of the country.

Cambodian mining investment need will grow

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mining Investment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Reforms

Significance The country's nascent mining sector is encountering both challenges and new opportunities as large-scale mining operations come in. Last month, four companies were granted licences to mine for minerals and precious metals in parts of Kampot, Mondulkiri, Kampong Thom and Kratie provinces. The national government considers that minerals, along with oil and natural gas, are critical for Cambodia's development. Impacts Mining concessions could be challenged by local communities when encroachment on community lands is suspected. The environment for foreign investment is likely to improve as the government reforms commercial law. A growing mining sector will need new transportation and electricity infrastructure. Corruption and state administrative capacity constraints could undermine mining sector development. Cambodia could lose out to more established ASEAN mining competitors such as Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar and the Philippines.

scholarly journals Tropical Cyclone Mekkhala’s (2008) Formation over the South China Sea: Mesoscale, Synoptic-Scale, and Large-Scale Contributions

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Sook Park ◽  
Hyeong-Seog Kim ◽  
Chang-Hoi Ho ◽  
Russell L. Elsberry ◽  
Myong-In Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intraseasonal Variability ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Mesoscale Convective

Abstract Tropical cyclone formation close to the coastline of the Asian continent presents a significant threat to heavily populated coastal countries. A case study of Tropical Storm Mekkhala (2008) that developed off the coast of Vietnam is presented using the high-resolution analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts/Year of Tropical Convection and multiple satellite observations. The authors have analyzed contributions to the formation from large-scale intraseasonal variability, synoptic perturbations, and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Within a large-scale westerly wind burst (WWB) associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), synoptic perturbations generated by two preceding tropical cyclones initiated the pre-Mekkhala low-level vortex over the Philippine Sea. Typhoon Hagupit produced a synoptic-scale wave train that contributed to the development of Jangmi, but likely suppressed the Mekkhala formation. The low-level vortex of the pre-Mekkhala disturbance was then initiated in a confluent zone between northeasterlies in advance of Typhoon Jangmi and the WWB. A key contribution to the development of Mekkhala was from diurnally varying MCSs that were invigorated in the WWB. The oceanic MCSs, which typically develop off the west coast of the Philippines in the morning and dissipate in the afternoon, were prolonged beyond the regular diurnal cycle. A combination with the MCSs developing downstream of the Philippines led to the critical structure change of the oceanic convective cluster, which implies the critical role of mesoscale processes. Therefore, the diurnally varying mesoscale convective processes over both the ocean and land are shown to have an essential role in the formation of Mekkhala in conjunction with large-scale MJO and the synoptic-scale TC influences.

Nursing professionals’ attitudes toward use of physical restraints in Styrian nursing homes Austria

Pflege ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Hannes Mayerl ◽  
Tanja Trummer ◽  
Erwin Stolz ◽  
Éva Rásky ◽  
Wolfgang Freidl
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Physical Restraints ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Restraint Use ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Nursing Professionals

Abstract. Background: Given that nursing staff play a critical role in the decision regarding use of physical restraints, research has examined nursing professionals’ attitudes toward this practice. Aim: Since nursing professionals’ views on physical restraint use have not yet been examined in Austria to date, we aimed to explore nursing professionals’ attitudes concerning use of physical restraints in nursing homes of Styria (Austria). Method: Data were collected from a convenience sample of nursing professionals (N = 355) within 19 Styrian nursing homes, based on a cross-sectional study design. Attitudes toward the practice of restraint use were assessed by means of the Maastricht Attitude Questionnaire in the German version. Results: The overall results showed rather positive attitudes toward the use of physical restraints, yet the findings regarding the sub-dimensions of the questionnaire were mixed. Although nursing professionals tended to deny “good reasons” for using physical restraints, they evaluated the consequences of physical restraint use rather positive and considered restraint use as an appropriate health care practice. Nursing professionals’ views regarding the consequences of using specific physical restraints further showed that belts were considered as the most restricting and discomforting devices. Conclusions: Overall, Austrian nursing professionals seemed to hold more positive attitudes toward the use of physical restraints than counterparts in other Western European countries. Future nationwide large-scale surveys will be needed to confirm our findings.

Land Use Change and Commodity Frontiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Cáceres ◽  
Esteban Tapella ◽  
Diego A. Cabrol ◽  
Lucrecia Estigarribia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Management Recommendations

Argentina is experiencing an expansion of soya and maize cultivation that is pushing the agricultural frontier over areas formerly occupied by native Chaco forest. Subsistance farmers use this dry forest to raise goats and cattle and to obtain a broad range of goods and services. Thus, two very different and non-compatible land uses are in dispute. On the one hand subsistance farmers fostering an extensive and diversified forest use, on the other hand, large-scale producers who need to clear out the forest to sow annual crops in order to appropriate soil fertility. First, the paper looks at how these social actors perceive Chaco forest, what their interests are, and what kind of values they attach to it. Second, we analyze the social-environmental conflicts that arise among actors in order to appropriate forest’s benefits. Special attention is paid to the role played by the government in relation to: (a) how does it respond to the demands of the different sectors; and (b) how it deals with the management recommendations produced by scientists carrying out social and ecological research. To put these ideas at test we focus on a case study located in Western Córdoba (Argentina), where industrial agriculture is expanding at a fast pace, and where social actors’ interests are generating a series of disputes and conflicts. Drawing upon field work, the paper shows how power alliances between economic and political powers, use the institutional framework of the State in their own benefit, disregarding wider environmental and social costs. 

Financial and Economic Support of Innovation Processes in the Russian Fuel and Energy Complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
L. D. Kapranova ◽  
T. V. Pogodina
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Substantial Investment ◽  
The Government

The subject of the research is the current state of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) that ensures generation of a significant part of the budget and the innovative development of the economy.The purpose of the research was to establish priority directions for the development of the FEC sectors based on a comprehensive analysis of their innovative and investment activities. The dynamics of investment in the fuel and energy sector are considered. It is noted that large-scale modernization of the fuel and energy complex requires substantial investment and support from the government. The results of the government programs of corporate innovative development are analyzed. The results of the research identified innovative development priorities in the power, oil, gas and coal sectors of the fuel and energy complex. The most promising areas of innovative development in the oil and gas sector are the technologies of enhanced oil recovery; the development of hard-to-recover oil reserves; the production of liquefied natural gas and its transportation. In the power sector, the prospective areas are activities aimed at improving the performance reliability of the national energy systems and the introduction of digital technologies. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that the innovation activities in the fuel and energy complex primarily include the development of new technologies, modernization of the FEC technical base; adoption of state-of-the-art methods of coal mining and oil recovery; creating favorable economic conditions for industrial extraction of hard-to-recover reserves; transition to carbon-free fuel sources and energy carriers that can reduce energy consumption and cost as well as reducing the negative FEC impact on the environment.

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