Bi-Objective Optimization of Vessel Speed and Route for Sustainable Coastal Shipping under the Regulations of Emission Control Areas

To comply with the regulations of emission control areas (ECAs), most operators have to switch to low-sulfur fuels inside the ECAs. Besides, a low-carbon objective is essential for long-term environmental protection; thus, is regarded as important as making profit. Therefore, the operators start making speed and route decisions under the two objectives of minimizing carbon emissions and maximizing profit. Drawing on existing methods, this paper formulates the profit and carbon emissions in sustainable coastal shipping, investigates the speed and route principles, and determines the best tradeoff between profit and carbon emissions. It is found that vessel speed should be set between emissions-optimum speed and profit-optimum speed, and the route must be selected in light of the speed decision. Next, the optimal choices of speed and route were examined under different scenarios and vessel types. The results show that the operation measures and objectives depend greatly on fuel price, vessel load, and vessel parameters. The operator should speed up the vessel if he/she wants to make more profit or if the scenario is favorable for profit making; e.g., low fuel price and high vessel load (LFHL). Large vessels should pursue more profit under LFHL conditions, without having to sail further outside the ECA. But this rule does not apply to small vessels. In addition, the operator should slow down the vessel inside the ECA and sail further, outside the ECA, with the growth in the price spread between marine gas oil (MGO) and heavy fuel oil (HFO), especially at a low HFO price. The research findings help operators to design operational measures that best suit the limit on sulfur content in fuel and the situation of the shipping market.

Download Full-text

Availability analysis of post-combustion carbon capture systems: Minimum work input

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1243/09544062jmes424 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 221 (9) ◽

pp. 1057-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

N R McGlashan ◽

A J Marquis

Keyword(s):

Flue Gas ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Heavy Fuel Oil ◽

External Work ◽

Availability Analysis ◽

Work Input ◽

Minimum Work

This paper describes the availability analysis of a generic, post-combustion carbon capture plant. The analysis first establishes the minimum work input required in an ideal plant with a flue gas inlet temperature equal to the sink temperature. The analysis shows that the ideal work input is surprisingly low and that, roughly equal amounts of work are required to first separate and then compress the CO2 contained in a typical flue gas stream. The analysis is then extended to include the effects of variable inlet temperature and extraction efficiency. This extended analysis shows that there is a considerable quantity of available energy in the flue gas of a normal power station. Indeed, in principle, carbon capture is theoretically possible without any external work input for fuels of low carbon/hydrogen ratio such as heavy fuel oil and natural gas. When burning coal, the minimum work input would be significantly reduced if the flue gases' availability were utilized. The final section of the paper compares the actual work input of a variety of carbon capture schemes found in the literature, with the minimum work input for an ideal process. This comparison shows that the techniques presently found in the literature have a low second-law efficiency.

Download Full-text

Decarbonizing Maritime Transport: The Importance of Engine Technology and Regulations for LNG to Serve as a Transition Fuel

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12218793 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 8793 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elizabeth Lindstad ◽

Gunnar S. Eskeland ◽

Agathe Rialland ◽

Anders Valland

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Maritime Transport ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Heavy Fuel Oil ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Global Warming Impact ◽

Ghg Reduction

Current Greenhous gas emissions (GHG) from maritime transport represent around 3% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions and will have to be cut in half by 2050 to meet Paris agreement goals. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is by many seen as a potential transition fuel for decarbonizing shipping. Its favorable hydrogen to carbon ratio compared to diesel (marine gas oil, MGO) or bunker fuel (heavy fuel oil, HFO) translates directly into lower carbon emissions per kilowatt produced. However, these gains may be nullified once one includes the higher Well-to-tank emissions (WTT) of the LNG supply chain and the vessel’s un-combusted methane slip (CH4) from its combustion engine. Previous studies have tended to focus either on greenhouse gas emissions from LNG in a Well-to-wake (WTW) perspective, or on alternative engine technologies and their impact on the vessel’s Tank-to-wake emissions (TTW). This study investigates under what conditions LNG can serve as a transition fuel in the decarbonization of maritime transport, while ensuring the lowest possible additional global warming impact. Transition refers to the process of moving away from fossil fuels towards new and low carbon fuels and engine technologies. Our results show: First, the importance of applying appropriate engine technologies to maximize GHG reductions; Second, that applying best engine technologies is not economically profitable; Third, how regulations could be amended to reward best engine technologies. Importantly, while the GHG reduction of LNG even with best engine technology (dual fuel diesel engine) are limited, ships with these engines can with economically modest modification switch to ammonia produced with renewable energy when it becomes available in sufficient amounts.

Download Full-text

The impact of the 2020 global sulfur cap on maritime CO2 emissions

Maritime Business Review ◽

10.1108/mabr-12-2020-0069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Vasiliki Zisi ◽

Harilaos N. Psaraftis ◽

Thalis Zis

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Heavy Fuel Oil ◽

Fuel Price ◽

Content Type ◽

Fuel Prices ◽

Ex Post ◽

Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽

The Impact

Purpose As of January 1, 2020, the upper limit of sulfur emissions outside emission control areas decreased from 3.5% to 0.5%. This paper aims to present some of the challenges associated with the implementation of the sulfur cap and investigates its possible side effects as regard the drive of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Even though it would appear that the two issues (desulfurization and decarbonization) are unrelated, it turns out that there are important cross-linkages between them, which have not been examined, at least by the regulators. Design/methodology/approach A literature review and a qualitative risk assessment of possible CO2 contributors are presented first. A cost-benefit analysis is then conducted on a specific case study, so as to assess the financial, as well as the environmental impact of two main compliance choices, in terms of CO2 and sulfur oxide. Findings From a financial perspective, the choice of a scrubber ranks better comparing to a marine gas oil (MGO) choice because of the price difference between MGO and heavy fuel oil. However, and under different price scenarios, the scrubber choice remains sustainable only for big vessels. It is noticed that small containerships cannot outweigh the capital cost of a scrubber investment and are more sensitive in different fuel price scenarios. From an environmental perspective, scrubber ranks better than MGO in the assessment of overall emissions. Research limitations/implications Fuel price data in this paper was based on 2019 data. As this paper was being written, the COVID-19 pandemic created a significant upheaval in global trade flows, cargo demand and fuel prices. This made any attempt to perform even a rudimentary ex-post evaluation of the 2020 sulfur cap virtually impossible. Due to limited data, such an evaluation would be extremely difficult even under normal circumstances. This paper nevertheless made a brief analysis to investigate possible COVID-19 impacts. Practical implications The main implication is that the global sulfur cap will increase CO2 emissions. In that sense, this should be factored in the IMO greenhouse gas discussion. Originality/value According to the knowledge of the authors, no analysis examining the impact of the 2020 sulfur cap on CO2 emissions has yet been conducted in the scientific literature.

Download Full-text

The Implementation Approach of LCCF Checklist in Development Control: Challenges for policymakers

Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal ◽

10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1910 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

Author(s):

T B A

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Local Authority ◽

Survey Methods ◽

Local Level ◽

Control Process ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Local Authorities ◽

Development Control

Global warming, climate change is now affecting the world. The effort of the leaders to achieving the sustainable development is from New Urban Agenda (NUA), Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) and local level is local authorities. SDG’s goal number 13 takes urgent action to combat climate change and its impact also SDG’s number 11 to sustainable cities and communities. The gap of this paper Different cities face different challenges and issues. Local authorities will play a significant role in undertaking policy initiatives to combat carbon emissions of the city. Low Carbon Cities (LCC) is to reduce carbon emissions in all human activities in cities. The objective of this paper is by applying the LCCF Checklist in planning permission for sustainable development. The methodology of this research is a mixed-method, namely quantitative and qualitative approach. The survey methods are by interview, questionnaire, and observation. Town planners are the subject matter expert in managing the planning permission submission for the development control of their areas. Descriptive statistical analysis will be used to show the willingness of the stakeholders, namely the developers and planning consultants in implementing of the LCCF. The contribution of this research will gauge readiness at the local authorities level. The findings of the LCCF checklist are identified as important in planning permission into the development control process. Surprisingly, that challenges and issues exist in multifaceted policy implementation the LCCF Checklist in a local authority. Finally based on Subang Jaya Municipal Councils, the existing approach in the application of the LCCF Checklist in the development control process will be useful for development control in a local authority towards sustainable development.

Download Full-text

Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14071810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1810

Author(s):

Kaitong Xu ◽

Haibo Kang ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Ping Jiang ◽

Na Li

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Composite Beams ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Construction Process ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Carbon Emission Reduction ◽

The Government

At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.

Download Full-text

Biosorption of heavy fuel oil from aqueous solution by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in natura

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-14067-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Laís A. Nascimento ◽

Marilda N. Carvalho ◽

Mohand Benachour ◽

Valdemir A. Santos ◽

Leonie A. Sarubbo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Eichhornia Crassipes ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Heavy Fuel Oil

Download Full-text

The Impact of Planting Industry Structural Changes on Carbon Emissions in the Three Northeast Provinces of China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020705 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 705

Author(s):

Hongpeng Guo ◽

Sidong Xie ◽

Chulin Pan

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽

Industry Structure ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Carbon Sinks ◽

Resource Endowment ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

This paper focuses on the impact of changes in planting industry structure on carbon emissions. Based on the statistical data of the planting industry in three provinces in Northeast China from 1999 to 2018, the study calculated the carbon emissions, carbon absorptions and net carbon sinks of the planting industry by using crop parameter estimation and carbon emissions inventory estimation methods. In addition, the multiple linear regression model and panel data model were used to analyze and test the carbon emissions and net carbon sinks of the planting industry. The results show that: (1). The increase of the planting area of rice, corn, and peanuts in the three northeastern provinces of China will promote carbon emissions, while the increase of the planting area of wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and vegetables will reduce carbon emissions; (2). Fertilizer application, technological progress, and planting structure factors have a significant positive effect on net carbon sinks, among which the changes in the planting industry structure have the greatest impact on net carbon sinks. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is suggested that, under the guidance of the government, resource endowment and location advantages should be given full play to, and the internal planting structure of crops should be reasonably adjusted so as to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture and accelerate the development process of agricultural modernization.

Download Full-text

The direction of land-use for hydrology balance and development of low-carbon emissions in the Jenelata Catchment area

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/681/1/012122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 681 (1) ◽

pp. 012122

Author(s):

M Nursaputra ◽

RA Barkey ◽

S Rijal ◽

C Anila ◽

MF Mappiasse

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Low Carbon

Download Full-text

Carbon Emission Reduction of Apparel Material Distribution Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II)

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11092571 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2571

Author(s):

Xujing Zhang ◽

Lichuan Wang ◽

Yan Chen

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Material Distribution ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Nsga Ii ◽

Management Objectives ◽

Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm ◽

Distribution Process ◽

The Cost

Low-carbon production has become one of the top management objectives for every industry. In garment manufacturing, the material distribution process always generates high carbon emissions. In order to reduce carbon emissions and the number of operators to meet enterprises’ requirements to control the cost of production and protect the environment, the paths of material distribution were analyzed to find the optimal solution. In this paper, the model of material distribution to obtain minimum carbon emissions and vehicles (operators) was established to optimize the multi-target management in three different production lines (multi-line, U-shape two-line, and U-shape three-line), while the workstations were organized in three ways: in the order of processes, in the type of machines, and in the components of garment. The NSGA-II algorithm (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II) was applied to obtain the results of this model. The feasibility of the model and algorithm was verified by the practice of men’s shirts manufacture. It could be found that material distribution of multi-line layout produced the least carbon emissions when the machines were arranged in the group of type.

Download Full-text