scholarly journals Recovery of Gallium from Simulated GaAs Waste Etching Solutions by Solvent Extraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Sheng Chen ◽  
Ko-Wei Tien ◽  
Li-Pang Wang ◽  
Cheng-Han Lee ◽  
Yi-Fan Chung
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Iron Sulfate ◽  
Etching Solution ◽  
Arsenic Trisulfide ◽  
Gallium Chloride ◽  
Gaas Wafer ◽  
Extraction Step ◽  
Gallium Trichloride

Gallium arsenide is used in semiconductor industries worldwide. Numerous waste etching solutions are produced during the processes of GaAs wafer production. Therefore, a complete and eco-friendly technology should be established to recover gallium as a gallium chloride solution and remove arsenic ion from waste GaAs etching solution. In this study, the gallium trichloride and arsenic trisulfide powders were dissolved in ammonia solutions to prepare the simulated solutions, and the pH value was adjusted to pH 2 by nitric acid. In the extraction step, the GaAs etching solutions were extracted using 0.5 M Cyanex 272 solutions in kerosene at pH 2 and 0.1 O/A ratio for 5 min. The extraction efficiency attained 77.4%, which had an optimal ratio of concentration, and the four steps extraction efficiency attained 99.5%. After extraction, iron sulfate heptahydrates were added into the raffinate, and the arsenic ions were precipitated. The removed rate attained 99.9% when the Fe/As ratio was 10. In the stripping step, the organic phase was stripped with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid at 1 O/A ratio for 3 min, and 97.5% gallium was stripped. Finally, the purity of gallium chloride solution was 99.95% and the gallium was seven times the concentration of the etching solutions.

scholarly journals Producing Drink like Grafted Milk from Chickpeas and Evaluation of its Qualitative Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 374-377
Author(s):  
Ibtihal Ismail Muhammad Al-Ani
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Bacterial Number ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Product Density ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Extraction Volume ◽  
Refrigerator Temperature ◽  
Soda Solution

The present study aimed to study the possibility of producing a drink that looks like grafted milk by using chickpeas and evaluate its physical, chemical, microbial, and sensory properties. The result showed the superiority of F treatment (soaking 100 grams of chickpeas at the refrigerator temperature 4ºC for 12 hours) over the rest seven treatments in extraction efficiency, which was 70%, while, it was 50.5% in H treatment (soaking 100 grams of chickpeas in the heated water at 60ºC for 30 minutes). The highest value of the product density was after water and flavorings addition in the D treatment (soaking 100 grams chickpeas in 0.05 soda solution at 60ºC for 30 minutes), and it was 0.97 g cm-3, compared with the lowest density 0.57 g cm-3 in A treatment (soaking 100 grams chickpeas in 0.05 soda solution at room temperature 25ºC for 12 hours). pH values were highest in A treatment compared with the other treatments, and its value was 7.66 in the 1st and 2nd day, after dissolving in a refrigerator at 4ºC, and then, for 5 minutes at room temperature 30ºC. The lowest value in the D treatment was 6.45 on the 1st day, and 6.87 on the 2nd day in the G treatment. On the 3rd day, the highest pH value was 7.13 in the D treatment, and the lowest value 6.79 was in the E treatment. pH highest value was 6.2 on the 4th day in A treatment. From the last results, it may be concluded that F treatment was the best in extraction efficiency, the final product density, and less total bacterial number, after dissolving for 5 days at refrigerator temperature 4ºC, and then, at room temperature 30ºC for 3 and 48 hours incubation. The best extraction volume and pH were in A treatment.

scholarly journals Extraction of tetracycline using the ionic liquid-based aqueous two phase systems: Single-stage versus multi-stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Zongcheng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Extraction Behavior ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Tie Line

Ionic liquids-based aqueous two-phase extraction (ILs-ATPE) offers an alternative approach to the extraction of tetracycline (TC) through their partitioning between two phases. Single-stage and multi-stage strategies have been evaluated and compared for the purification of TC using ATPE composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halide ([Bmim]X(X=Cl,Br)) and K2HPO4. The influence factors on single-stage extraction behavior of TC were optimized systematically, including the pH value, tie line length, and volume ratio. The optimal extraction efficiency of TC could reach above 95% when the volume ratio is higher than 1.5 and the tie line length is 30.52%. The multi-stage ATPE was also investigated by simulating a three-stage crosscurrent operation in test tubes. According to the TC isotherm curve and respective McCabe?Thiele diagrams, a predicted optimized scheme of the countercurrent multi-stage ATPE was determined. TC can be purified in the IL-rich top phase with a final extraction efficiency of 99% and a final TC concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, if a three- -stage [Bmim]Cl-K2HPO4 ATPE with volume ratio of 0.5 and tie line length of 30.52% was employed. Thus, the multi-stage extraction with small volume ratio is necessary to achieve a higher recovery yield, resulting in the reduction of the IL consumption.

Study on the Wood-Based Hydrogel and its pH-Sensitivity

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 1950-1953
Author(s):  
Jiu Fang Duan ◽  
Jian Zhang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ph Sensitivity ◽  
Swelling Ratio ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Monomer Ratio ◽  
Crosslinker Content ◽  
Wood Content

A water absorbent wood hydrogel was prepared with the wood and acrylamide using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker. The structure of wood-based hydrogel was charactered by FTIR spectra. The monomer ratio, the amount of glutaraldehyde, the behavior of pH-sensitivity and salt-sensitivity of the wood hydrogel were studied in this paper. The results are as follows: The water absorption and grafting yield of wood-based hydrogel decreased with the increasing of wood content. The water absorption of wood-based hydrogel decreased with the crosslinker content increasing, the grafting yield increases with the crosslinker content increasing. The water absorption of wood-based hydrogel has strong sensitivity in pH value of 3.0 ~ 11.0 solution. At acidic and alkaline larger environment, the hydrogel shows a larger water absorption, and the smallest swelling ratio was obtained in pH7.0 buffer solution. The wood-based hydrogel shows stable behavior in different concentrations of sodium chloride solution.

Corrosion Resistance of High-Alloyed Material UNS N08028 in Sodium Chloride Solution

2014 ◽  
Vol 893 ◽  
pp. 440-443
Author(s):  
Li Na Zhang ◽  
Jerzy A. Szpunar ◽  
Jian Xin Dong ◽  
Mai Cang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Decreasing Ph

The influence of ions chloride concentration and pH value on the corrosion resistance of high-alloyed material UNS N08028 in the sodium chloride solution is investigated. Results show that the corrosion potential is active cathodically with the increase of chloride concentration. The current density and corrosion rate both increase with increasing chloride concentration and decreasing pH value.

scholarly journals New Water Treatment Chemical PFZSS Preparation and Application

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Qilin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Iron Sulfate ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Catering Industry

Nowadays global water quality pollution has become extremely serious, and solving water pollution has been extremely urgent, so researches on water pollution solutions have become even urgent. And flocculating method is the most traditional water purification method, research and create new high performance flocculating agent is one of flocculating method inherent problems. The paper mainly describes adding iron, zinc two kinds of metal captions together in polysyllabic acid, well controlling all aspects requirements in technology, researching and creating new water purification substance—poly iron and zinc silicate sulfate flocculants (PFZSS). PFZSS making method is weighting proper amount sodium silicate into container, and meanwhile putting it into water to dissolve, then utilizing dilute euphoric acid and sodium hydroxide to adjust silicic acid solution pH value and arrive at regulated scope, letting it to activate and arrive at certain time, slowly importing activated proper silica acid solution into moderate iron sulfate and zinc sulfate on the condition of fully blending, and finally putting and curing for a while. And implement experiment research on how mixed solution metal cations matching; making method, pH value, and silicon dioxide concentration these factors affect PFZSS overall performance. PFZSS application mainly takes catering industry sewage solution as an example to get PFZSS has very strong absorption capacity, owns good cleaning effects on extremely turbid catering industry treatment sewage COD and turbidity acquiring, its reaction formed flock density is great, sedimentation rate is very fast, so PFZSS will have great application prospects in the aspect of treating urban sewage.

scholarly journals The GALLEX Project

1990 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
T. Kirsten ◽  
M. Breitenbach ◽  
W. Hampel ◽  
G. Heusser ◽  
J. Kiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Solar Neutrinos ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gallium Chloride

AbstractThe GALLEX collaboration aims at the detection of solar neutrinos in a radiochemical experiment employing 30 tons of Gallium in form of concentrated aqueous Gallium-chloride solution. The detector is primarily sensitive to the otherwise inaccessible pp-neutrinos. Details of the experiment have been repeatedly described before [1-7]. Here we report the present status of implementation in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy). So far, 12.2 tons of Gallium are at hand. The present status of development allows to start the first full scale run at the time when 30 tons of Gallium become available. This date is expected to be January, 1990.

Direct Titrimetric Microdetermination of Fluorodifen, Linuron, Faneron, and Pebulate

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-389
Author(s):  
Syed L Abbas ◽  
Asoke K Ghosh ◽  
Saiyid A I Rizvi ◽  
Om C Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Gallium Chloride ◽  
Direct Titration ◽  
Standard Solutions

Abstract The herbicides fluorodifen, linuron, faneron, and pebulate have been determined in individual standard solutions by direct titration against gallium chloride solution, using different indicators. The same technique is applied to estimation of these herbicides in treated soils. The complex between gallium chloride and fluordifen or linuron is formed in a 1:3 ratio, whereas the complex with faneron or pebulate is in a 1:1 ratio. Recoveries for fluorodifen, linuron, faneron, and pebulate were 99.9–101.5, 99.0–102.4, 97.1–101.3, and 98.3–101.2%, respectively. Treatment with herbicide lowered the pH of the soil.

scholarly journals Recovery of Rubidium and Cesium Resources from Brine of Desalination through t-BAMBP Extraction

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Wei-Sheng Chen ◽  
Cheng-Han Lee ◽  
Yi-Fan Chung ◽  
Ko-Wei Tien ◽  
Yen-Jung Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Potassium Perchlorate ◽  
Cesium Carbonate ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Cesium Hydroxide ◽  
Extraction Step ◽  
Ecological Hazards

50 billion cubic meters of brine every year creates ecological hazards to the environment. In order to reuse brine efficiently, rubidium and cesium were recovered in this experiment. On the other hand, the main impurities which were needed to be eliminated in brine were lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In the procedure, seawater was distilled and evaporated first to turn into simulated brine. Perchloric acid was then added into simulated brine to precipitate potassium perchlorate which could reduce the influence of potassium in the extraction procedure. After that, t-BAMBP and ammonia were separately used as extractant and stripping agent in the extraction and stripping procedures to get rubidium hydroxide solutions and cesium hydroxide solutions. Subsequently, they reacted with ammonium carbonate to get rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study shows the optimal parameters of pH value to precipitate potassium perchlorate. Besides, pH value in the system, the concentration of t-BAMBP and ammonia, organic phase/aqueous phase ratio (O/A ratio), reaction time, and reaction temperature in solvent extraction step were investigated to get high purities of rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate.

scholarly journals EXPLORATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUBLE PROTEIN EXTRACTION FROM CULTURED SNAKEHEAD FISH (Channa striata) MUSCLE

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (5A) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Vo Hoang Ngan
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Optimum Extraction

This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the soluble protein extraction from cultured snakehead fish muscle, a protein having bioavailability and nutritional value. The study investigated the ratio of fish muscle to water (from 1:1 to 1:5 w/v) and salt (NaCl) concentration (from 0.05 M to 0.25 M) that are suitable for extracting soluble protein effectively. Research has applied a response surface methodology using a central composite design to optimize the effect of temperature and time extraction on soluble protein extraction efficiency. In addition, the study investigated the effect of pH of salt solution (pH 2 to pH 12) on the efficiency of soluble protein extraction from cultured snakehead fish muscle. As a result, the use of 0.15 M NaCl solution with 1:2 ratio of fish muscle to water gave high soluble protein extraction efficiency. The optimum extraction temperature and time were determined as 34.8 °C and 15.2 min respectively, and the appropriate pH value was also determined as pH 10. At the optimum extraction conditions, soluble protein recovery calculated by the amount of soluble protein extraction dividing total protein of fish muscle was 14.39 ± 0.18 %.

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