Aktivitas Larvasida Fraksi N-Heksan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia. L) terhadap Larva Aedes sp.

Aedes sp. is a vector of the dengue virus that causes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).Larvicides are the optimal method for controlling mosquito development. Temephos is a larvicidalagent of the organophosphate group which is reported to cause side eff ects and ecological hazards,as well as resistance based on reports in several country. This study aims to determine the larvicidalactivity of the n-hexane fraction of Morinda citrifolia leaf ethanol extract on Aedes sp. The compoundgroups in the fraction were identifi ed using TLC through UV light and spray reagents. There were sixtypes of treatment including four concentration fractions (400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm) as treatment,positive control (temephos 1%) and negative control 1% acetone solution. Twenty-fi ve mosquito larvaeof Aedes sp. tested for each treatment. Larval mortality was recorded and LC50 and LC99 values wereanalyzed using the probit. The results showed that the TLC test of the n-hexane fraction was positivefor terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, tannins, and fl avonoids. The results showed that the LC50 andLC99 values were 1040 ppm and 2439 ppm. Therefore, the n-hexane fraction of the ethanol extract hadlarvicidal activity on Aedes sp with li le toxicity.

Evaluating the Heavy Metal Risk in Spinacia oleracea L. and Its Surrounding Soil with Varied Biochar Levels: A Pot Experiment

Spinacia oleracea L., as the most widely cultivated green leafy vegetable in China, can threaten human health in cases of its excessive heavy metal content, especially in mining areas of karst landforms. Therefore, the present study mainly investigates whether biochar is useful for remediating heavy metal pollution in soil and S. oleracea and the degree of this improvement in karst areas. The effects of heavy metal exposure on the health of children and adults in S. oleracea and rhizosphere lime soil with six biochar levels are evaluated by a health risk assessment, namely, 4000 g of lime soil (C-0), 160 g of biochar + 3840 g of lime soil (C-160), 240 g of biochar + 3760 g of lime soil (C-240), 320 g of biochar + 3680 g of lime soil (C-320), 400 g of biochar + 3600 g of lime soil (C-400) and 800 g of biochar + 3200 g of lime soil (C-800). The results show that the pH values of the lime soil were positively correlated with Pb, P and K contents and negatively correlated with As, Cr, Hg, Cd and N contents in S. oleracea. The assessments of the potential ecological risk index show that the soil samples for the C-0 and C-160 levels pose moderate ecological hazards, while the soil samples for the C-320, C-800, C-400 and C-240 levels constitute mild ecological hazards. The single noncarcinogenic risks, total noncarcinogenic risk indexes, single carcinogenic risks and total carcinogenic risks values indicate that exposure to heavy metals in lime soil and S. oleracea poses a serious threat to human health. It also presents an unacceptable cancer risk and children are more threatened than adults. Our results suggest that heavy metal pollution of S. oleracea and its rhizosphere lime soil in karst areas still poses a threat to human health after adding biochar, and the relevant local departments need to implement more active measures to solve the excessive heavy metal contents in the local soil and vegetables of this karst regions.

Drivers of Proactive Environmental Strategies: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry of Asian Economies

The objective of the undertaken study is to investigate the association between proactive environmental strategy (PES) and its determinants, such as planning and organizational practices (POP) and communicational practices on sustainable development through the operating and financial performances of the pharmaceutical sectors of south Asian countries. Moreover, we examine this relationship through the eco-innovations as a meditator and technological advances as a moderator. We developed a modified conceptual model and questionnaire and verified by 856 responses from the region’s pharmaceutical sectors. We have tested our hypothesized research model and hypotheses through SEM-based modeling. The findings confirm that proactive environmental strategy and its determinants, for instance, organization and planning practices, operating practices, and communicational practices, have a positive and significant influence on pharmaceutical firms’ sustainable development through operational and financial performance. The findings further show the substantial role in eco-innovation as a mediator and technological advances as a moderator on the sustainable development in this relationship. Subsequently, eco-innovation and technological advances lessen ecological hazards and increase companies’ functioning. Therefore, the undertaken study demonstrated and concurrently ascertained towards sustainable development of environmental and economic leaders. The practical implications are equally important for every stakeholder, such as the community, policymakers, companies, and regulatory agencies concerned with fostering eco-friendly controlling exercises.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Wind Lens

The wind-lens turbine consist of shrouded diffuser which increases the wind speed at rotor, developing electric power even in low speed wind. Energy crisis is one of the major problems facing the countries globally. One of the methods to overcome energy trouble is to use the energy available efficiently and also to reduce the energy that is being wasted. The fact that non-renewable sources of energy become cause of pollution and the increased ecological hazards and their rate of depletion has required to use of nonconventional and renewable sources. Therefore to adopt the methods of energy recovery is required. Energy recovery is a technique used to reduce the vitality input to an overall system by exchanging the energy from one system of an overall system to another. Wind lens turbine is the next generation small wind which can be installed anywhere. It has significant reduction in wind turbine noise, concentration of wind energy, compact and highly efficient, adaptable to the surroundings, highly safe systems and significant reduction in birds strike.

Triggers of Destruction

This chapter assesses some of the plausible triggers that could start a process of societal devolution. The danger areas to worry about include downturns in the Mensch cycle, ecological disasters, landlessness-based violence, and increase in patriarchy. Downturns in Mensch cycles are inevitable. Ecological hazards are harder to predict, but it is unlikely that the world faces absolutely no environmental threats whatsoever. The world is already experiencing more frequent and intense low-level wars from increased landlessness. Will that lead to something more serious? Who can say? A global snapback to traditional patriarchy seems unlikely, but this process is occurring in more localized areas. In those settings, the effects of the limitation of women's activity have already led to significant damage.

Growth and instability of area under drip method of irrigation in south Gujarat- A district-wise analysis

The competition among the various sectors of the economy particularly agriculture for the scarce water is becoming intense as the demand for available water resources is fast exceeding the economic supply. Many farmers still adopt conventional methods of irrigation which not only results in severe wastage of water but reduces crop production and also cause ecological hazards like water logging and soil salinity. The mounting water scarcity in Gujarat state validates the adoption of water efficient technologies like drip irrigation. The present study for undertaken to examine the current status and growth performance of area under drip method of irrigation for various districts of South Gujarat using compound growth rates. Instability analysis was carried out using the formula given by Cuddy and Della to know the variation in area under drip irrigation in over the years. The findings of the study suggested that during the period 2005-06 to 2019-20, the area under drip method of irrigation in case of loanee respondents declined significantly over the years.This could be probably attributed to the excessive documentation and other procedural formalities which were discouraging for the less educated and illiterate farmers. It also led to increase in the transaction cost. On the contrary, the growth in non- loanee area was found to be positive and significant in majority of the districts of South Gujarat. Moreover, the variability in loanee and non–loanee area was recorded to be high i.e. that the area under drip in all the districts of South Gujarat region demonstrated to be unstable during the period of study.

Recovery of Rubidium and Cesium Resources from Brine of Desalination through t-BAMBP Extraction

50 billion cubic meters of brine every year creates ecological hazards to the environment. In order to reuse brine efficiently, rubidium and cesium were recovered in this experiment. On the other hand, the main impurities which were needed to be eliminated in brine were lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In the procedure, seawater was distilled and evaporated first to turn into simulated brine. Perchloric acid was then added into simulated brine to precipitate potassium perchlorate which could reduce the influence of potassium in the extraction procedure. After that, t-BAMBP and ammonia were separately used as extractant and stripping agent in the extraction and stripping procedures to get rubidium hydroxide solutions and cesium hydroxide solutions. Subsequently, they reacted with ammonium carbonate to get rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study shows the optimal parameters of pH value to precipitate potassium perchlorate. Besides, pH value in the system, the concentration of t-BAMBP and ammonia, organic phase/aqueous phase ratio (O/A ratio), reaction time, and reaction temperature in solvent extraction step were investigated to get high purities of rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate.

An improved method for assessing environmental impacts caused by chemical pollutants: A case study in textiles production

The use of chemicals in the textile industry has been widely investigated. This study used an improved method with the USEtox model to assess the environmental impacts of chemical pollutants discharged by the textile industry. The environmental impacts attributed to the discharged chemical pollutants were ranked using a quantity analysis method and a toxicity analysis method. The rankings of the two methods were compared by calculating Spearman’s correlation coefficients and outliers. The results showed that the human health and ecological hazards potential were mainly caused by heavy metals. The rankings of the environmental impacts calculated with the quantity analysis method were different from those calculated with the toxicity analysis method. Cadmium, hexachlorobenzene and mercury caused severe human and ecological hazards with a small volume of emissions. Zinc and hexavalent chromium were highly toxic chemical pollutants, which could cause severe human health and ecological hazards potential. These five kinds of chemical pollutants should be preferentially controlled to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by chemical pollutants discharged from the textile industry.