scholarly journals Sustainable Policy for Water Pricing in Kuwait

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3257
Author(s):  
Ali Aljamal ◽  
Mark Speece ◽  
Mohsen Bagnied
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Small Impact ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Sustainable Policy ◽  
Very High ◽  
Partial Water

This research investigates consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for water in Kuwait as a foundation for policy decisions on reducing water subsidies. Heavy subsidies have encouraged unsustainable very high consumption, but efforts to cut subsidies can generate strong political opposition. A survey (n = 443) indicates that WTP is greater at lower prices, but resistance is not purely about price. The presence of a continued partial water subsidy for basic household use slightly increases WTP, probably mainly from perceptions of fairness. Information about Kuwait’s water scarcity also has a small impact. All of these effect sizes are small, so we discuss these issues using a nudge framework from behavioral economics. A number of policies can foster small shifts in WTP; collectively they may have larger impact and make subsidy reduction relatively painless.

Individual Response to External Training Load in Elite Football Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 696-704
Author(s):  
Håvard Wiig ◽  
Thor Einar Andersen ◽  
Live S. Luteberget ◽  
Matt Spencer
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
External Training ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Very High

Purpose: To investigate within-player effect, between-player effect, and individual response of external training load from player tracking devices on session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL) in elite football players. Methods: The authors collected sRPE-TL from 18 outfield players in 21 training sessions. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 m/s), very high-speed running distance (>19.8 m/s), PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and high-intensity events (HIE > 1.5, HIE > 2.5, and HIE > 3.5 m/s) were extracted from the tracking devices. The authors modeled within-player and between-player effects of single external load variables on sRPE-TL, and multiple levels of variability, using a linear mixed model. The effect of 2 SDs of external load on sRPE-TL was evaluated with magnitude-based inferences. Results: Total distance, PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and HIE > 1.5 had most likely substantial within-player effects on sRPE-TL (100%–106%, very large effect sizes). Moreover, the authors observed likely substantial between-player effects (12%–19%, small to moderate effect sizes) from the majority of the external load variables and likely to very likely substantial individual responses of PlayerLoad™, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, and HIE > 1.5 (19%–30% coefficient of variation, moderate to large effect sizes). Finally, sRPE-TL showed large to very large between-session variability with all external load variables. Conclusions: External load variables with low intensity-thresholds had the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL. Furthermore, the between-player effect of external load and the individual response to external load advocate for monitoring sRPE-TL in addition to external load. Finally, the large between-session variability in sRPE-TL demonstrates that substantial amounts of sRPE-TL in training sessions are not explained by single external load variables.

scholarly journals Consumers’ Perceptions of Price Steering in Shopping Online for Tourism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jean Michel CHAPUIS
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Rate Parity ◽  
Post Purchase ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Different Order

When confronting discriminations during the buying process, the consumers may perceive unfair transactions and some untrustworthy providers.  Price steering is a common manipulation of listing offers tailored to a customer’s request. The consumers receive a same-products list in a different order for the same query on e-shop. The study questions whether its performance is related to discrimination among consumers. This paper mobilizes the theory of Justice to explore perceptions of fairness and trust in the practice of price steering. The proposed framework states that the post-purchase stage reveals perceptions intervening in the effect of price steering on willingness to pay.An experiment with a total 883 respondents is simulating an online shopping. The list of options shown online is manipulated. This study documents the main effect of price steering such as a higher willingness to pay and driving online purchasers toward certain choices. This effect is found to generate up to 20% of extra revenue. The analysis also finds a negative influence on perceptions with no difference between the discriminated segments of the market. Implications for researchers and managers: the pricing schemes should be carefully tailored to maintain fairness, as well as profitability, by considering rate parity across online channels and purchasing experiences.

Theory of Scarcity-Variability, Conflict, and Cooperation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomi Dinar ◽  
Ariel Dinar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Abundance ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
International Water ◽  
Mitigation Costs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High ◽  
Large Corpus

This chapter explores the linkages between water scarcity and variability and conflict and cooperation. It focuses on the scarcity-cooperation contention and then hypothesizes that, rather than a linear relationship, an inverted U-shaped constitutes the relationship between scarcity and cooperation and between water variability and cooperation. The chapter surveys a large corpus of literature (both theoretical and empirical) from various disciplines to build a theory to explain the relationship between level of water scarcity and level of cooperation over international water. While the premise that scarcity motivates cooperation (or coordination across parties) is not novel, it has been fairly rare compared to the literature that touts the relationship between scarcity, environmental change, and conflict. The model suggests that cooperation is more likely when scarcity and variability are moderate (and by extension require smaller mitigation costs). The theory also suggests that while scarcity and variability may indeed lead to cooperation, very high levels of scarcity and very low levels of scarcity (water abundance) actually reduce the incidence of cooperation.

scholarly journals The Importance of Fairness in Tax Policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tea Party ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Mainstream Economic ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Boston Tea Party ◽  
Unexpected Outcomes

One of the key areas where behavioral economics offers major insights into developing successful policy involves issues of fairness. Taxation offers many examples, ranging from the Boston Tea Party of 1773 to the UK's unsuccessful community charge, often called the ‘poll tax', of the early 1990s, where a failure to appreciate fully taxpayers' perceptions of fairness led to unexpected outcomes. The use of behavioral economics to supplement mainstream economic analysis might not only reduce the risks of such tax disasters but also improve the development of tax reform more generally. This paper shows how such additional explanatory power contributes to our understanding of the success or failure of UK tax policy arising from the ‘natural experiments' of the successful introduction of value added tax in 1973 and the contrasting difficulties associated with the community charge in 1990 and, more recently, the abolition of the 10% rate of income tax in 2008.

scholarly journals The null hypothesis is always rejected with statistical tricks: Why do you need it?

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Freddy A. Paniagua
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Significance Testing ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing ◽  
Very High

Ferguson (2015) observed that the proportion of studies supporting the experimental hypothesis and rejecting the null hypothesis is very high. This paper argues that the reason for this scenario is that researchers in the behavioral sciences have learned that the null hypothesis can always be rejected if one knows the statistical tricks to reject it (e.g., the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis increases with p = 0.05 compare to p = 0.01). Examples of the advancement of science without the need to formulate the null hypothesis are also discussed, as well as alternatives to null hypothesis significance testing-NHST (e.g., effect sizes), and the importance to distinguish the statistical significance from the practical significance of results.  

The Dutch translation of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2007 dictionary

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Boot ◽  
Hanna Zijlstra ◽  
Rinie Geenen
Keyword(s):  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Dutch Translation ◽  
Software Program ◽  
Linguistic Inquiry ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
Parallel Texts ◽  
Very High

Abstract The words we use in everyday language reveal our thoughts, feelings, personality, and motivations. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) is a software program to analyse text by counting words in 66 psychologically meaningful categories that are catalogued in a dictionary of words. This article presents the Dutch translation of the dictionary that is part of the LIWC 2007 version. It describes and explains the LIWC instrument and it compares the Dutch and English dictionaries on a corpus of parallel texts. The Dutch and English dictionaries were shown to give similar results in both languages, except for a small number of word categories. Correlations between word counts in the two languages were high to very high, while effect sizes of the differences between word counts were low to medium. The LIWC 2007 categories can now be used to analyse Dutch language texts.

Framing Effects of Messages and Images on the Willingness to Pay for Pro-Poor Tourism Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110426
Author(s):  
Shina Li ◽  
Andrea Saayman ◽  
Jason Stienmetz ◽  
Iis Tussyadiah
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Marketing Materials

Pro-poor tourism (PPT) strategies enable the poor to benefit from tourism. This study applies economic and marketing theories in the exploration of PPT. It investigates behavioral economics in tourism by evaluating the framing effects of marketing materials on tourists’ willingness to pay for PPT products. It integrates framing and persuasion theories in the PPT domain and follows a 2 × 3 factorial between-subjects design. Strong messages alone and weak messages with positive or negative images are found to lead to greater willingness to pay. More than half of the study’s respondents were willing to pay more if certain fees went directly to the poor. Different framing effects were found between a tour focused on participation and a tour focused on capacity strategies.

scholarly journals Behavioral economics and policy evaluation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Abstract:Behavioral economics posits a number of cognitive biases and limitations, which raises questions as to whether revealed willingness to pay equals true willingness to pay. If so, benefit-cost analysis, with a number of methodological advantages, would need to be replaced. Prior analyses of the issue by Sunstein, Sugden, and Bernheim and Rangel fail to offer guidance that would avoid substituting centralized judgments for decentralized information on benefits and costs. Alternatives including using post-implementation valuations, libertarian paternalism, and direct democracy on policy issues also have conceptual or practical limitations. A tentative suggestion is democratic delegation, somewhat appealing because it is already applied to cope with bounded rationality and non-efficiency values. Viewing benefit-cost analysis as a market analogue, and restricting the domain of behavioral economics to uninformed consumers, may be useful guides. The most important guidance may be to require very strong evidence of substantial choice failure before abandoning benefit-cost analysis.

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