scholarly journals Application of Biomimetics to Architectural and Urban Design: A Review across Scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Uchiyama ◽  
Eduardo Blanco ◽  
Ryo Kohsaka
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shed Light

Application of biomimetics has expanded progressively to other fields in recent years, including urban and architectural design, scaling up from materials to a larger scale. Besides its contribution to design and functionality through a long evolutionary process, the philosophy of biomimetics contributes to a sustainable society at the conceptual level. The aim of this review is to shed light on trends in the application of biomimetics to architectural and urban design, in order to identify potential issues and successes resulting from implementation. In the application of biomimetics to architectural design, parts of individual “organisms”, including their form and surface structure, are frequently mimicked, whereas in urban design, on a larger scale, biomimetics is applied to mimic whole ecosystems. The overall trends of the reviewed research indicate future research necessity in the field of on biomimetic application in architectural and urban design, including Biophilia and Material. As for the scale of the applications, the urban-scale research is limited and it is a promising research which can facilitate the social implementation of biomimetics. As for facilitating methods of applications, it is instrumental to utilize different types of knowledge, such as traditional knowledge, and providing scientific clarification of functions and systems based on reviews. Thus, interdisciplinary research is required additionally to reach such goals.

FREE Architecture

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victór CORENO ◽  
Claudia SANCHEZ ◽  
Victór CORENO
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Digital Ethnography ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

As architects, we study the behavior of the inhabitant, taking into account collective and individual subjectivity. However, it becomes difficult to generate transformative architecture when the user is seen as a bank of ergonomic data and space is understood as mere geographical coordinates. This results in the construction of spaces that are separate from existential depth, where the user is not actively involved in any of the design process, which affects his will, interests, and values. This also prevents interaction between different types of knowledge that arises from these spaces. Through this horizontal interaction, it is possible to obtain architectural design that transforms its context. Digital ethnography is a methodology that raises questions related to the practices of everyday life through a flexible and multilevel scheme where the virtual space reveals the social practices of a community, freeing up the space and scope of architecture and connecting lay with expert knowledge.

Interpersonal Trust and Knowledge Seeking in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-147
Author(s):  
Michael J. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Mba Students ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Knowledge Seeking

In this chapter, a study that investigated the roles of interpersonal trust in knowledge seeking in China is presented. Specifically, the study examined and tested the effects of two distinct types of interpersonal trust (cognition-based and sincerity-based) on Chinese employees' willingness to seeking two different types of knowledge (explicit and tacit). Using data from a survey of 243 Chinese MBA students at two universities in China, the study found both types of interpersonal trust positively related to explicit knowledge seeking as well as tacit knowledge seeking. The study also found that cognition-based trust had a stronger relationship with seeking of both explicit and tacit knowledge than sincerity-based trust. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Organizational knowledge retention and knowledge loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadège Levallet ◽  
Yolande E. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
Organizational Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Knowledge Loss ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
Social Level

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effectiveness of organizational information technology (IT)-based and non-IT-based knowledge transfer mechanisms (KTMs) for the retention of different types of knowledge from mobile experts. It differentiates among four types of knowledge loss (KL), namely, conscious knowledge (i.e. individual explicit knowledge that can be codified); codified knowledge (i.e. explicit knowledge captured at the social level); automatic knowledge (i.e. implicit individual knowledge); and collective knowledge (i.e. implicit knowledge embedded in the organization).Design/methodology/approachA research framework connecting the organizational knowledge retention (KR) cycle to KL is developed and an exploratory analysis is conducted using data from two case studies in the Canadian federal public service. Findings are confirmed using a third government agency.FindingsWithout the right processes in place for organizational knowledge retrieval and reuse, the KR cycle is not complete, leading to KL. The lack of available social KTMs for the conversion of individual to social objectified knowledge leads to KL. KTMs shortcomings increase the risk of automatic and objectified KL.Research limitations/implicationsExploratory results demonstrate that KL does not always equate to lack of KR. Implementing knowledge-specific organizational KTMs is important to encourage the retention of individual knowledge at the social level. Propositions and a framework are developed for future research.Practical implicationsMobile experts hold valuable knowledge at high risk of being lost by organizations. This paper provides managers with a set of guidelines to develop a knowledge-specific strategy focused on KTMs that increase KR and mitigate KL.Originality/valueThis paper challenges the assumption that KL only results from poor retention and studies both retention and loss to identify additional types of unintentional loss that occur when individual knowledge is not converted to social knowledge.

scholarly journals The architectural design of networks of protein domain architectures

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 20130268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hsin Hsu ◽  
Chien-Kuo Chen ◽  
Ming-Jing Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Protein Domains ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Protein Architecture ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Multiple Domain

Protein domain architectures (PDAs), in which single domains are linked to form multiple-domain proteins, are a major molecular form used by evolution for the diversification of protein functions. However, the design principles of PDAs remain largely uninvestigated. In this study, we constructed networks to connect domain architectures that had grown out from the same single domain for every single domain in the Pfam-A database and found that there are three main distinctive types of these networks, which suggests that evolution can exploit PDAs in three different ways. Further analysis showed that these three different types of PDA networks are each adopted by different types of protein domains, although many networks exhibit the characteristics of more than one of the three types. Our results shed light on nature's blueprint for protein architecture and provide a framework for understanding architectural design from a network perspective.

Social Costs of Alcohol

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Sindelar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economics Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cost Studies

This paper provides an overall framework for understanding and interpreting the literature on the social costs of alcohol. The paper discusses several philosophical and practical perspectives that motivate different types of cost studies. The two broad motivating perspectives are the public health and the economic viewpoint; each have several subtypes. The types of cost studies are discussed along with findings of key studies. The perspective, type of study, and important findings are evaluated, and challenges for future research are discussed. Although this paper draws on the economics literature, it is written for the non-economist.

Numbers vs. Narratives: the importance of integrating social science perspectives in ocean sustainability research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Packer ◽  
Mirjam Held
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Ocean Management ◽  
Sustainability Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sustainability Governance ◽  
Oceans Management

<p>Many disciplines study the ocean and its uses from different perspectives. Recently, there has been a growing awareness about the inseparability of the social and ecological systems and that achieving sustainable use of ocean resources will require the integration of different types of knowledge and disciplines. In this presentation, we will draw from the experience of two early career interdisciplinary scientists to present examples of the role social sciences can play in achieving sustainable oceans management, how and why it should be integrated with other ocean disciplines. More specifically, we will present how a qualitative research approaches to understanding seafood sustainability governance and community/rights-based management makes an important contribution to sustainable ocean management. We conclude that to achieve ocean sustainability, which is a societal problem, we not only need numbers but also the social sciences and their narratives.</p>

To Ask or Not to Ask

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jijin Zhang ◽  
Honghua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Knowledge Seeking

This article looks to investigate the roles of interpersonal trust in knowledge seeking. Specifically, the article examines and tests the effects of two distinct types of interpersonal trust (affect-based trust and cognition-based trust) on willingness to seek two different types of knowledge (explicit and tacit). Using data from a survey of 143 employees from Chinese firms, the article found that both types of interpersonal trust positively related to explicit knowledge seeking, as well as tacit knowledge seeking. The article also found that cognition-based trust had a stronger relationship with seeking of both explicit and tacit knowledge than affect-based trust. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Rethinking Social Relationships in Adulthood: The Differential Investment of Resources Model

2022 ◽  
pp. 108886832110670
Author(s):  
Oliver Huxhold ◽  
Katherine L. Fiori ◽  
Tim Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time And Energy

Empirical evidence about the development of social relationships across adulthood into late life continues to accumulate, but theoretical development has lagged behind. The Differential Investment of Resources (DIRe) model integrates these empirical advances. The model defines the investment of time and energy into social ties varying in terms of emotional closeness and kinship as the core mechanism explaining the formation and maintenance of social networks. Individual characteristics, acting as capacities, motivations, and skills, determine the amount, direction, and efficacy of the investment. The context (e.g., the living situation) affects the social opportunity structure, the amount of time and energy available, and individual characteristics. Finally, the model describes two feedback loops: (a) social capital affecting the individual’s living situation and (b) different types of ties impacting individual characteristics via social exchanges, social influences, and social evaluations. The proposed model will provide a theoretical basis for future research and hypothesis testing.

scholarly journals Where Does Competition Come From? The role of organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 263178771988997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Arora-Jonsson ◽  
Nils Brunsson ◽  
Raimund Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Organization Theory ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Normative Implications

Although an ever-increasing number and types of organizations are expected to compete, the origins of competition have been a neglected topic. By assuming that competition simply emerges, organization theory currently lacks an understanding of when and why organizations compete. In this article we critically review and extend existing literatures on competition to offer an organizational theorization of the origins of competition. We argue that competition is the social construction of its four constitutive elements: actors, relationships, scarcity and desire. Furthermore, we show that three types of actors – those who compete, those who adjudicate the competition, and those who have an interest in creating competition – can construct competition independently or in concert. We also discuss different types of organized competition; the role of rankers, prize givers and other actors interested in creating competition; and competition as an unintended consequence of organization. Finally, we outline future research on competition and organization that follows from our conceptualization, along with some normative implications.

scholarly journals A sociology of the Covid-19 pandemic: A commentary and research agenda for sociologists

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R Ward
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shed Light

During the early part of 2020, there has been an abundance of critically important research on Covid-19 from medical, epidemiological and virological disciplines. There is now an urgent need for sociologists to engage theoretically and empirically on the social impact of issues related to Covid-19. As we have moved further into 2020, governments around the world have imposed different types of restrictions on social life, in order to quell the spread of Covid-19 and ‘flatten the curve’. These have included imposing various degrees of social isolation and restrictions on things like social gatherings, travel, sport and leisure activities, and going to work/school/university. This commentary explores the ways in which different branches of social theory can shed light on the implications of Covid-19 restrictions for social life ‘as we know it’. The broad fields of social theory in the commentary cover concepts such as risk, trust, fear, uncertainty and happiness. The process of developing the social theory driven research agenda contained within this commentary took a rather unusual route – it started by re-reading Jean-Paul Sartre’s ideas on existentialism, which led to me painting a visual sociology of Covid-19 (an image of my painting is provided), and ultimately to this piece.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document