Rethinking Social Relationships in Adulthood: The Differential Investment of Resources Model

2022 ◽  
pp. 108886832110670
Author(s):  
Oliver Huxhold ◽  
Katherine L. Fiori ◽  
Tim Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time And Energy

Empirical evidence about the development of social relationships across adulthood into late life continues to accumulate, but theoretical development has lagged behind. The Differential Investment of Resources (DIRe) model integrates these empirical advances. The model defines the investment of time and energy into social ties varying in terms of emotional closeness and kinship as the core mechanism explaining the formation and maintenance of social networks. Individual characteristics, acting as capacities, motivations, and skills, determine the amount, direction, and efficacy of the investment. The context (e.g., the living situation) affects the social opportunity structure, the amount of time and energy available, and individual characteristics. Finally, the model describes two feedback loops: (a) social capital affecting the individual’s living situation and (b) different types of ties impacting individual characteristics via social exchanges, social influences, and social evaluations. The proposed model will provide a theoretical basis for future research and hypothesis testing.

scholarly journals Rethinking Social Relationships: The Differential Investment of Resources Model of Social Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 406-407
Author(s):  
Katherine Fiori ◽  
Tim Windsor ◽  
Oliver Huxhold
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Opportunity Structure ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time And Energy

Abstract The empirical evidence concerned with the centrality of social relations to individual functioning across adulthood continues to accumulate. Theoretical development about age-related changes in social relationships, however, has lagged behind. In particular, existing theories either do not account for the influence of the developmental context, or are difficult to examine empirically because they do not posit specific testable mechanisms. We present a new conceptual model that we believe effectively incorporates much of the existing empirical work. The Differential Investment of Resources (DIRe) model has five distinct features. First, the model distinguishes between different types of ‘social ties’ by defining two crucial dimensions - closeness and kinship. Second, the investment of time and energy is defined as the core mechanism that explains the formation and maintenance of social ties. Third, individual characteristics, categorized as capacities, motivations, and skills, determine the amount, direction, and efficacy of the time and energy invested. Fourth, the model incorporates the developmental context: (a) in its effect on the social opportunity structure; (b) in its effect on time and energy; and (c) in its effect on the individual. Additionally, the social opportunity structure itself is determined by the individual’s existing social network ties (i.e., social capital). Finally, the model describes how different types of ties, in turn, affect individual characteristics via social functions (social exchanges, social evaluations, and social influences). The proposed model will not only stimulate a healthy new debate in the field, but will also provide a theoretical basis for future research and hypothesis-testing.

The Social Consequences of Phubbing

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariek Vanden Abeele
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expectancy Violations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
The Social

Recent empirical work suggests that phubbing, a term used to describe the practice of snubbing someone with a phone during a face-to-face social interaction, harms the quality of social relationships. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this chapter presents a framework that integrates three concurrent mechanisms that explain the relational impact of phubbing: expectancy violations, ostracism, and attentional conflict. Based on this framework, theoretically grounded propositions are formulated that may serve as guidelines for future research on these mechanisms, the conditions under which they operate, and a number of potential issues that need to be considered to further validate and extend the framework.

scholarly journals Application of Biomimetics to Architectural and Urban Design: A Review across Scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Uchiyama ◽  
Eduardo Blanco ◽  
Ryo Kohsaka
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Shed Light

Application of biomimetics has expanded progressively to other fields in recent years, including urban and architectural design, scaling up from materials to a larger scale. Besides its contribution to design and functionality through a long evolutionary process, the philosophy of biomimetics contributes to a sustainable society at the conceptual level. The aim of this review is to shed light on trends in the application of biomimetics to architectural and urban design, in order to identify potential issues and successes resulting from implementation. In the application of biomimetics to architectural design, parts of individual “organisms”, including their form and surface structure, are frequently mimicked, whereas in urban design, on a larger scale, biomimetics is applied to mimic whole ecosystems. The overall trends of the reviewed research indicate future research necessity in the field of on biomimetic application in architectural and urban design, including Biophilia and Material. As for the scale of the applications, the urban-scale research is limited and it is a promising research which can facilitate the social implementation of biomimetics. As for facilitating methods of applications, it is instrumental to utilize different types of knowledge, such as traditional knowledge, and providing scientific clarification of functions and systems based on reviews. Thus, interdisciplinary research is required additionally to reach such goals.

scholarly journals Diversity Balancing for Two-Stage Collaborative Filtering in Recommender Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Quanshen Wei ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Baojiao Wang ◽  
Wen-Hsien Ho
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Filtering ◽  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Item List ◽  
Ranking Strategy ◽  
High Prediction ◽  
Optimization Mechanism

Conventional recommender systems are designed to achieve high prediction accuracy by recommending items expected to be the most relevant and interesting to users. Therefore, they tend to recommend only the most popular items. Studies agree that diversity of recommendations is as important as accuracy because it improves the customer experience by reducing monotony. However, increasing diversity reduces accuracy. Thus, a recommendation algorithm is needed to recommend less popular items while maintaining acceptable accuracy. This work proposes a two-stage collaborative filtering optimization mechanism that obtains a complete and diversified item list. The first stage of the model incorporates multiple interests to optimize neighbor selection. In addition to using conventional collaborative filtering to predict ratings by exploiting available ratings, the proposed model further considers the social relationships of the user. A novel ranking strategy is then used to rearrange the list of top-N items while maintaining accuracy by (1) rearranging the area controlled by the threshold and by (2) maximizing popularity while maintaining an acceptable reduction in accuracy. An extensive experimental evaluation performed in a real-world dataset confirmed that, for a given loss of accuracy, the proposed model achieves higher diversity compared to conventional approaches.

scholarly journals Passivo e Balanço Socioambiental: desenvolvimento de um modelo de diagnóstico de sustentabilidade10.5773/rgsa.v3i3.175

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Takeshy Tachizawa ◽  
Hamilton Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Environmental Mapping ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Architecture ◽  
Theoretical View ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Environmental Development

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de arquitetura de dados de sustentabilidade para subsidiar o monitoramento de custos socioambientais nas empresas. Apóia-se em uma base de dados de indicadores de desenvolvimento socioambiental, concebida como resultado de pesquisa empírica, desenvolvida pelo método da grounded theory. A ênfase da grounded theory é o aprendizado a partir dos dados (interativa e indutiva), e não a partir de uma visão teórica existente (dedutiva). Tais indicadores, além de refletirem o estágio de sustentabilidade em que se encontraria uma determinada empresa, subsidiariam o mapeamento socioambiental dos diferentes segmentos econômicos do universo empresarial brasileiro. O modelo proposto, não-prescritivo, sugere que na gestão de custos socioambientais, sejam adotados enfoques distintos de sustentabilidade para diferentes tipos de organizações que, em razão de seu ramo de negócios, sofrem efeitos diferenciados. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento sustentável; Custo Socioambiental; Sustentabilidade. Abstract This paper presents data architecture to support sustainability of the monitoring of environmental costs in companies. It is based on a database of indicators of social and environmental development, conceived as a result of empirical research, developed by the method of grounded theory. The emphasis of grounded theory is the learning from the data (interactive and inductive), and not from an existing theoretical view (deductive). Such indicators also reflect the stage of sustainability in which a given company is and would support the social and environmental mapping of the different segments of the Brazilian business. The proposed model, non-prescriptive, suggests that the management of social and environmental costs adopt distinct approaches to sustainability for different types of organizations, because their business suffers different effects. Keywords: Sustainable Development; Social and Environmental Cost; Sustainability.

The Social Context and Resources of the Unmarried in Old Age

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat M. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Role Transitions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Life Course

A model of singleness in later life was developed to show how the social context may influence the personal and social resources of older, unmarried persons. The unmarried (especially the divorced) will be an increasing proportion of the aged population in the future, and they will require more services than will the married. Role transitions of the unmarried over the life course, finances, health, and social relationships of older singles are discussed with implications for practice and future research.

scholarly journals IMPLICATIONS OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND NEIGHBORS FOR WOMEN'S WELL-BEING IN LATE LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S213-S213
Author(s):  
Heather Fuller ◽  
Heather Fuller ◽  
Masahiro Toyama
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Lower Life Satisfaction

Abstract Social support is well documented as promoting women’s well-being across the lifespan, yet implications vary depending on the source and type of support. The present study examined whether relationships with family, friends, and neighbors (both satisfaction with and number in social network) affected well-being over two years. Midwestern women (N=188, mean age = 80) were sampled from two waves of the Social Integration and Aging Study (2013, 2015). Hierarchical regression models indicated that satisfaction with friends predicted better life satisfaction, but satisfaction with family and neighbors did not predict well-being. In contrast, number of neighbors in social network predicted lower life satisfaction and greater stress, while number of family and friends were not associated with well-being. Moreover, differential effects emerged between older and younger women. Findings highlight unique facets of older women’s social relationships and suggest that future research and interventions addressing age and the source of support are warranted.

Social Costs of Alcohol

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Sindelar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economics Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cost Studies

This paper provides an overall framework for understanding and interpreting the literature on the social costs of alcohol. The paper discusses several philosophical and practical perspectives that motivate different types of cost studies. The two broad motivating perspectives are the public health and the economic viewpoint; each have several subtypes. The types of cost studies are discussed along with findings of key studies. The perspective, type of study, and important findings are evaluated, and challenges for future research are discussed. Although this paper draws on the economics literature, it is written for the non-economist.

Contingency detection in a complex world

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Bolz Northrup
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contingency Detection ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Atypical Development

The present article proposes a new developmental model of how young infants adapt and respond to complex contingencies in their environment, and how this influences development. The model proposes that typically developing infants adjust to an increasingly complex environment in ways that make it easier for them to allocate limited attentional resources and increase opportunities for positive learning experiences. Increased positive experiences with contingency lead to improvements in contingency detection, social behavior, and, ultimately, the development of social and communicative competency. Research relevant to the proposed model will be reviewed and analyzed. In addition, implications for atypical development in the case of autism spectrum disorder will be examined. Specifically, it is predicted that difficulty detecting and responding to increasingly complex contingencies in the environment would lead to particular deficits in interacting with the social world due to the inherent relative complexity of the social world compared to the non-social world. Furthermore, experiences with an unpredictable and confusing social world may lead individuals to increase their experiences with predictability and contingency through restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. Limitations and areas for future research are presented.

scholarly journals Necessity of Monitoring and Cultural Training in Infertility Treatment Centers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Tavakoli Bazzaz ◽  
Azam Rasti ◽  
Reza Behnamfar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Infertility Treatment ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Training ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Available Resources

Introduction: Lifestyle is one of the important factors of public health and reproductive health that is considered as the result of interaction between individual characteristics, environmental conditions and social class. The social class is a characteristic of socio-economic characteristics and conditions. Class is created by combining different types of capital, and capital refers to one's valuable and available resources.

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