scholarly journals Blockchain Based Crop Insurance: A Decentralized Insurance System for Modernization of Indian Farmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8921
Author(s):  
Nishant Jha ◽  
Deepak Prashar ◽  
Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf ◽  
Youseef Alotaibi ◽  
Abdulmajeed Alsufyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
Acceptance Testing ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
Average Latency ◽  
Insurance Firms ◽  
Block Formation ◽  
End To End ◽  
The Cost

Conventional crop insurance systems are complex and often not economically feasible. Farmers are often reluctant to be covered for their crops due to lack of trust in insurance firms and the fear of delayed or non-payment of claims. In this paper, a blockchain based crop insurance solution is suggested. The solution suggested in this paper is an affordable, efficient, low cost crop insurance solution which will ensure many farmers are insured and benefiting from timely crop insurance. Currently the cost of administering insurance is an essential barrier to accessing this facility. With the proper use of blockchain based on ethereum this expense can be reduced dramatically. We have conducted various tests on platforms such as Google Cloud and found that the least throughput is 165 transactions. Upon analysis we have found that the time taken by the block formation is directly proportional to the timing of processing. The end-to-end average latency of the system was achieved as 31.2 s, which was quite effective for the infrastructure what we are using. Upon conducting acceptance testing, we found that the system suggested in the paper is effective and we are planning to release the application on open source platforms for future improvements.

scholarly journals Open Source Digitally Replicable Lab-Grade Scales

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Hubbard ◽  
Joshua M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Load Cell ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cell Data ◽  
Precision Balance ◽  
Multiple Load

This study provides designs for a low-cost, easily replicable open source lab-grade digital scale that can be used as a precision balance. The design is such that it can be manufactured for use in most labs throughout the world with open source RepRap-class material extrusion-based 3-D printers for the mechanical components and readily available open source electronics including the Arduino Nano. Several versions of the design were fabricated and tested for precision and accuracy for a range of load cells. The results showed the open source scale was found to be repeatable within 0.1g with multiple load cells, with even better precision (0.01g) depending on load cell range and style. The scale tracks linearly with proprietary lab-grade scales, meeting the performance specified in the load cell data sheets, indicating that it is accurate across the range of the load cell installed. The smallest loadcell tested(100g) offers precision on the order of a commercial digital mass balance. The scale can be produced at significant cost savings compared to scales of comparable range and precision when serial capability is present. The cost savings increase significantly as the range of the scale increases and are particularly well-suited for resource-constrained medical and scientific facilities.

scholarly journals BioSamplr: An open source, low cost automated sampling system for bioreactors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Efromson ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Michael D. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Sample Interval ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Bioreactor Experiment ◽  
Log File ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAutosampling from bioreactors reduces error, increases reproducibility and offers improved aseptic handling when compared to manual sampling. Additionally, autosampling greatly decreases the hands-on time required for a bioreactor experiment and enables sampling 24 hrs a day. We have designed, built and tested a low cost, open source, automated bioreactor sampling system, the BioSamplr. The BioSamplr can take up to ten samples from a bioreactor at a desired sample interval and cools them to a desired temperature. The device, assembled from low cost and 3D printed components, is controlled wirelessly by a Raspberry Pi, and records all sampling data to a log file. The cost and accessibility of the BioSamplr make it useful for laboratories without access to more expensive and complex autosampling systems.

scholarly journals Using Clustering Techniques  to Guide Refactoring of  Object-Oriented Classes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keith Cassell
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Fundamental Unit ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Refactoring Tools

<p>Much of the cost of software development is maintenance. Well structured software tends to be cheaper to maintain than poorly structured software, because it is easier to analyze and modify. The research described in this thesis concentrates on determining how to improve the structure of object-oriented classes, the fundamental unit of organization for object-oriented programs. Some refactoring tools can mechanically restructure object-oriented classes, given the appropriate inputs regarding what attributes and methods belong in the revised classes. We address the research question of determining what belongs in those classes, i.e., determining which methods and attributes most belong together and how those methods and attributes can be organized into classes. Clustering techniques can be useful for grouping entities that belong together; however, doing so requires matching an appropriate algorithm to the domain task and choosing appropriate inputs. This thesis identifies clustering techniques suitable for determining the redistribution of existing attributes and methods among object-oriented classes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques. It then describes experiments using these techniques as the basis for refactoring open source Java classes and the changes in the class quality metrics that resulted. Based on these results and on others reported in the literature, it recommends particular clustering techniques for particular refactoring problems. These clustering techniques have been incorporated into an open source refactoring tool that provides low-cost assistance to programmers maintaining object-oriented classes. Such maintenance can reduce the total cost of software development.</p>

scholarly journals Using Clustering Techniques  to Guide Refactoring of  Object-Oriented Classes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keith Cassell
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Fundamental Unit ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Refactoring Tools

<p>Much of the cost of software development is maintenance. Well structured software tends to be cheaper to maintain than poorly structured software, because it is easier to analyze and modify. The research described in this thesis concentrates on determining how to improve the structure of object-oriented classes, the fundamental unit of organization for object-oriented programs. Some refactoring tools can mechanically restructure object-oriented classes, given the appropriate inputs regarding what attributes and methods belong in the revised classes. We address the research question of determining what belongs in those classes, i.e., determining which methods and attributes most belong together and how those methods and attributes can be organized into classes. Clustering techniques can be useful for grouping entities that belong together; however, doing so requires matching an appropriate algorithm to the domain task and choosing appropriate inputs. This thesis identifies clustering techniques suitable for determining the redistribution of existing attributes and methods among object-oriented classes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques. It then describes experiments using these techniques as the basis for refactoring open source Java classes and the changes in the class quality metrics that resulted. Based on these results and on others reported in the literature, it recommends particular clustering techniques for particular refactoring problems. These clustering techniques have been incorporated into an open source refactoring tool that provides low-cost assistance to programmers maintaining object-oriented classes. Such maintenance can reduce the total cost of software development.</p>

scholarly journals A Versatile Open-Source Printhead for Low-Cost 3D Microextrusion-Based Bioprinting

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2346
Author(s):  
Andres Sanz-Garcia ◽  
Enrique Sodupe-Ortega ◽  
Alpha Pernía-Espinoza ◽  
Tatsuya Shimizu ◽  
Carmen Escobedo-Lucea
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Units

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting promises to be essential in tissue engineering for solving the rising demand for organs and tissues. Some bioprinters are commercially available, but their impact on the field of Tissue engineering (TE) is still limited due to their cost or difficulty to tune. Herein, we present a low-cost easy-to-build printhead for microextrusion-based bioprinting (MEBB) that can be installed in many desktop 3D printers to transform them into 3D bioprinters. We can extrude bioinks with precise control of print temperature between 2–60 °C. We validated the versatility of the printhead, by assembling it in three low-cost open-source desktop 3D printers. Multiple units of the printhead can also be easily put together in a single printer carriage for building a multi-material 3D bioprinter. Print resolution was evaluated by creating representative calibration models at different temperatures using natural hydrogels such as gelatin and alginate, and synthetic ones like poloxamer. Using one of the three modified low-cost 3D printers, we successfully printed cell-laden lattice constructs with cell viabilities higher than 90% after 24-h post printing. Controlling temperature and pressure according to the rheological properties of the bioinks was essential in achieving optimal printability and great cell viability. The cost per unit of our device, which can be used with syringes of different volume, is less expensive than any other commercially available product. These data demonstrate an affordable open-source printhead with the potential to become a reliable alternative to commercial bioprinters for any laboratory.

scholarly journals A Versatile Open-source Printhead for Low-cost 3D Microextrusion-based Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Sanz-Garcia ◽  
Enrique Sodupe-Ortega ◽  
ALPHA V. PERNIA-ESPINOZA ◽  
Tatsuya Shimizu ◽  
Carmen Escobedo-Lucea
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Units

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting promises to be essential in tissue engineering for solving the rising demand for organs and tissues. Some bioprinters are commercially available, but their impact on the field of TE is still limited due to their cost or difficulty to tune. Herein, we present a low-cost easy-to-build printhead for microextrusion-based bioprinting (MEBB) that can be installed in many desktop 3D printers to transform them into 3D bioprinters. We can extrude bioinks with precise control of print temperature between 2 - 60 &ordm;C. We validated the versatility of the printhead, by assembling it in three low-cost open-source desktop 3D printers. Multiple units of the printhead can also be easily put together in a single printer carriage for building a multi-material 3D bioprinter. Print resolution was evaluated by creating representative calibration models at different temperatures using natural hydrogels such as gelatin and alginate, and synthetic ones like poloxamer. Using one of the three modified low-cost 3D printers, we successfully printed cell-laden lattice constructs with cell viabilities higher than 90% after 24h post printing. Controlling temperature and pressure according to the rheological properties of the bioinks was essential in achieving optimal printability and great cell viability. The cost per unit of our device, which can be used with syringes of different volume, is less expensive than any other commercially available product. These data demonstrate an affordable open-source printhead with the potential to become a reliable alternative to commercial bioprinters for any laboratory.

scholarly journals Open-Source Digitally Replicable Lab-Grade Scales

Instruments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Hubbard ◽  
Joshua M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Load Cell ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cell Data ◽  
Precision Balance ◽  
Multiple Load

This study provides designs for a low-cost, easily replicable open-source lab-grade digital scale that can be used as a precision balance. The design is such that it can be manufactured for use in most labs throughout the world with open-source RepRap-class material extrusion-based 3-D printers for the mechanical components and readily available open-source electronics including the Arduino Nano. Several versions of the design were fabricated and tested for precision and accuracy for a range of load cells. The results showed the open-source scale was found to be repeatable within 0.05 g with multiple load cells, with even better precision (0.005 g) depending on load cell range and style. The scale tracks linearly with proprietary lab-grade scales, meeting the performance specified in the load cell data sheets, indicating that it is accurate across the range of the load cell installed. The smallest load cell tested (100 g) offers precision on the order of a commercial digital mass balance. The scale can be produced at significant cost savings compared to scales of comparable range and precision when serial capability is present. The cost savings increase significantly as the range of the scale increases and are particularly well-suited for resource-constrained medical and scientific facilities.

FreeLoader: An Open Source Universal Testing Machine for High-Throughput Experimentation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Amend ◽  
Hod Lipson
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Universal Testing Machine ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
High Throughput Experimentation ◽  
Compressive Loads ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Cost

We present a low cost, desktop size, open source, universal testing machine, designed for inexpensive high-throughput material testing. The tester can apply tensile and compressive loads up to 5 kN at rates ranging from 2 mm/min to 30 mm/min. Force measurements are achieved with ±1.8 N accuracy. The parts list for this machine represents an order of magnitude reduction in the cost per testing unit as compared to commercial systems. We describe the design and construction of the tester and validate its performance. The design, parts list, control software, and user manual are made available freely online under the open source BSD license.

scholarly journals LOW-COST TECHNOLOGICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS RELATED TO INTEGRATED APPLICATION EXPERIMENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W17 ◽  
pp. 241-248
Author(s):  
C. Palestini ◽  
A. Basso
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Application Development ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Thanks to the development of new Cuda technologies applied to graphics cards and to a more accessible and growing use by professionals in various commercial, artistic and research sectors, the latest generation digital instruments have implemented new methods of photogrammetric surveying and remote sensing, progressively reducing the cost of the instruments and that related to the application development of the different SfM algorithms, now widely used also in numerous open source software. The research presented in the article compares two of the most recently used free programs with the most satisfactory results in the field of 3D photogrammetric survey and photomodelling: Meshroom, developed by AliceVision and Regard3D, an open source software, compiled in 2015 by the Swiss IT engineer freelance Roman Hiestand. The test case study will concern the photo-modelling, through the free tools previously discussed, of medium size complex decorative details, one of the monumental gates of the ancient Roman city of Sepino, an archaeological site in Molise (IT) located at the foot of the Matese and extending over the Tammaro valley, so as to be able to fully test the capture characteristics and the trend and structure of the pipeline of the two software examined.

Rapid mapping accuracy assessment using low-cost UAV and open-source Structure from Motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Ettore Potente ◽  
Cosimo Cagnazzo ◽  
Alessandro Deodati ◽  
Giuseppe Mastronuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mapping Accuracy ◽  
Rapid Mapping ◽  
Source Structure
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