scholarly journals Double Coating as a Novel Technology for Controlling Urea Dissolution in Soil: A Step toward Improving the Sustainability of Nitrogen Fertilization Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10707
Author(s):  
Ayman El-Ghamry ◽  
El-Sayed El-Naggar ◽  
Abdallah M. Elgorban ◽  
Bin Gao ◽  
Zahoor Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Urease Enzyme ◽  
Double Coating

This research introduces a novel technology for reducing ordinary urea (OU) dissolution by developing double-coated urea (DCU) using phosphate rock (PR) as an outer layer to reduce its hydrolysis and sodium thiosulfate (STS) as an inner layer to inhibit the urease enzyme and nitrification process. Due to the double coating, the nitrogen content of DCU was lower than that of the OU (36.7% vs. 46.5%). The ultramorphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the controlled coating of urea, resulting from the outer layer of PR, was due to the adhesive effect of urea formaldehyde (UF), which was used as a glue. In addition, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the DCU revealed its high degree of agglomeration. The mechanical hardness of DCU was higher compared to that of OU (1.38 vs. 1.08 kgf). The seven-day dissolution rate test showed that OU reached 100% dissolution on the fifth day. The rate of DCU, however, was significantly lower (32% dissolution in the seventh day). Cumulative NO3− and NH4+ losses from a clay soil sample reached 68.3% and 7.6%, respectively, with OU measuring 40.5% compared to 4.9% for DCU 70 days after application. Field experiments showed a significant improvement in the marketable yield and agronomic nitrogen efficiency (ANE) of maize grains and zucchini fruits fertilized with DCU. Furthermore, the macro and micronutrient concentrations in maize grains and zucchini fruits showed an increase in the plants fertilized with DCU. In summary, double coating can be introduced as a novel technique to control urea dissolution in soil.

Electron Microscopy of the Shape of Small Metal Particles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
M. Jose Yacaman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metal Particle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
Crystal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particles

In the Study of small metal particles the shape is a very Important parameter. Using electron microscopy Ino and Owaga(l) have studied the shape of twinned particles of gold. In that work electron diffraction and contrast (dark field) experiments were used to produce models of a crystal particle. In this work we report a method which can give direct information about the shape of an small metal particle in the amstrong- size range with high resolution. The diffraction pattern of a sample containing small metal particles contains in general several systematic and non- systematic reflections and a two-beam condition can not be used in practice. However a N-beam condition produces a reduced extinction distance. On the other hand if a beam is out of the bragg condition the effective extinction distance is even more reduced.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE OF AMOEBA PROTEUS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie H. Greider ◽  
Wencel J. Kostir ◽  
Walter J. Frajola
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Microscope Study ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Amoeba Proteus ◽  
Nuclear Membranes ◽  
Thin Sectioning

An electron microscope study of the nuclear membrane of Amoeba proteus by thin sectioning techniques has revealed an ultrastructure in the outer layer of the membrane that is homologous to the pores and annuli observed in the nuclear membranes of many other cell types studied by these techniques. An inner honeycombed layer apparently unique to Amoeba proteus is also described.

Review — The Orientation of Cellulose Microfibrils in the cell walls of Tracheids in Conifers

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Abe ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Predominant Orientation ◽  
Scanning Electron

We examined the orientation of cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) in the cell walls of tracheids in some conifer species by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and developed a model on the basis of our observations. Mfs depositing on the primary walls in differentiating tracheids were not well-ordered. The predominant orientation of the Mfs changed from longitudinal to transverse, as the differentiation of tracheids proceeded. The first Mfs to be deposited in the outer layer of the secondary wall (S1 layer) were arranged as an S-helix. Then the orientation of Mfs changed gradually, with rotation in the clockwise direction as viewed from the lumen side of tracheids, from the outermost to the innermost S1 layer. Mfs in the middle layer of the secondary wall (S2 layer) were oriented in a steep Z-helix with a deviation of less than 15° within the layer. The orientation of Mfs in the inner layer of the secondary wall (S3 layer) changed, with rotation in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from the lumen side, from the outermost to the innermost S3 layer. The angle of orientation of Mfs that were deposited on the innermost S3 layer varied among tracheids from 40° in a Z-helix to 20° in an S-helix.

LAMB’S-QUARTERS INTERFERENCE WITH DIRECT SEEDED BROCCOLI

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRIS BITTERLICH ◽  
MAHESH K. UPADHYAYA
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Cole Crop

Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 to study the effect of lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) interference on broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis ’Emperor’) growth and yield. Broccoli growth was initially affected by weed interference at 28–36 d after seeding. Generally, the negative effect of weed interference on broccoli growth increased with increasing weed density and time after seeding. Interference by 15 lamb’s-quarters plants m−2 reduced the biomass of broccoli plants by 71–73% compared to the weed-free control at 57–58 d after seeding. Weed density-crop yield relationship curves showed that one lamb’s-quarters plant m−2 decreased total yield by 18–20% and marketable yield by 22–37%. Lamb’s-quarters reduced the total yield per plot by decreasing the average head weight of broccoli. The number of heads per plot was not affected. Weed interference also reduced the weight of heads classified as marketable (> 10 cm across). However, in 1987 more heads failed to reach a marketable size which resulted in a much smaller marketable yield than in 1988.Key words: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, broccoli, Chenopodium album L., weed density, weed interference, cole crop

In vitro development of isolated ectoderm from axolotl gastrulae

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. W. Slack
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Microscope Examination ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Electron Microscope Examination ◽  
Vitro Development

The development of ectoderm isolated from the animal pole of axolotl gastrulae is monitored by light microscopy, electron microscopy and analysis of newly synthesized proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids. When control embryos are undergoing neurulation it is shown that the explants autonomously begin to express epidermal markers and do not express mesodermal markers. However the results suggest that not all the cells become epidermal and electron microscope examination shows that only the outer layer does so, the inner cells remaining undifferentiated.

scholarly journals Variability assessment of productivity traits and quality of berries in the genetic collection of garden strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) in the Orenburg region

2021 ◽  
Vol 845 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
E V Aminova ◽  
R R Salimova ◽  
O E Merezhko
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Productivity Potential

Abstract Nowadays the study of the interrelation of the genotype of strawberry plants in garden and climatic conditions is extremely relevant. Due to the various systems of genetic control and the modifying effects of growing conditions on the manifestation of quantitative traits, there is the need to assess the genotypic variability of economically valuable features, focused on the identification of genotypes characterized by stability and adaptive qualities in growing conditions. The study examined 15 varieties of garden strawberries of domestic and foreign selection. The field experiments and surveys were carried out according to the Program generally accepted in the Russian Federation and methodology for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. We studied such features as the number of peduncles (pcs/bush), number of berries (pcs/bush), average weight of berries (g), total and marketable yield (g/bush), sugar content in berries, soluble solids and ascorbic acid. The purpose of this work was to assess the genotype-year interrelation in terms of the variability of productivity features and berry quality and to identify strawberry varieties with a stable genotype. As a result of two-way analysis of variance for the variety-year interrelation, the obtained values were 1.10-8.50 at standard Fst. - 1.24. Statistically important differences had indicators of productivity of a bush between the first and second clusters (t = 5.89 at p <0.01), the first and third (t = 15.83 at p <0.01), the second and third clusters (t = 8.13 at p <0.01), as well as the average berry weight between the first and third, second and third clusters (t = 15.50 and 6.99 at p <0.01, respectively). Significant differences in the value of the Euclidean distance were revealed for varieties Mishutka (54.5), Daryonka (54.5), Pervoklassnitsa (58) realizing their productivity potential in different years of cultivation.

THE CUTICLE OF THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS (LINNAEUS) (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Gibbs ◽  
F. O. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inside Surface ◽  
Dark Staining ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Epicuticular Layer

The cuticle of T. telarius (L.) examined by light and electron microscopy and subjected to tests for chitin and lipids is shown to be a thin layer with a pattern of external ridges. It is about 1.25 microns thick measured in the troughs and twice that thickness measured at the ridges. The ridges average from 1 to 1.6 μ apart. There is no tectocuticle but an outside lipoid layer and a dark-staining non-chitinous epicuticular layer from 0.1 to 0.2 μ thick. A double-layered inner procuticle is present. The outer layer of the procuticle remains unstained in contrast to the dark-staining inner layer. The inside surface of the cuticle bears elevations or ridges opposite the external troughs. The epicuticle only is shed at molting. It bears the branched setae and over the eyes is striated, the ridges being about 0.14 microns apart. Either one or both layers of the procuticle contain chitin.

The Cuticle of Cysticerci of Taenia Saginata, T. Hydatigena, and T. Pisiformis

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (65) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
E. H. SIDDIQUI
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Taenia Saginata ◽  
Optical And Electron Microscopy

The structure of the cuticle of the cysticerci of 3 species of Taenia was studied by means of optical and electron microscopy. In all 3 species the cuticle is composed of 3 layers and covered with hair-like processes. The middle layer, which comprises the bulk of the cuticle, varies in thickness from head to bladder, but there are no differences in thickness between the species studied. The hairs are composed of a core representing an extension of the middle layer and are covered by a continuation of the outer layer. The arrangement of these hairs varies in the species studied.

Influences of spacing on yield and root size of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under ridge-furrow production

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 826-835
Author(s):  
Habtamu Tegen ◽  
Mnuyelet Jembere
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
System Information ◽  
Root Size

Abstract Although there is adequate information on the influence of plant population on root yield and size of carrot on flat and raised bed for rain fed production system, information on ridge-furrow bed preparation method is limited for irrigation production system. Therefore, in this study, field experiments were conducted for 2 years to determine the appropriate spacing of carrot on ridge-furrow carrot production practice under irrigation. Root yield increased significantly as the population increased. On the contrary, root size significantly decreased as population increased. The result of combined analysis over season and locations indicated that the narrowest spacing of 10 cm × 4 cm rows on the ridge and between plants, respectively, which accommodates 1,250,000 plants ha−1 gave significantly highest marketable carrot root yield of 26 t ha−1 followed by 22.6 t ha−1 with spacing of 20 cm × 4 cm which accommodates 1,000,000 plants ha−1, but it produced the smallest individual root weight of 83 g which is mostly preferred for household consumption unlike jumbo roots. Therefore, in terms of root sizes and marketable yield, the current study identified that spacing of 10 cm × 4 cm is optimum on ridge-furrow carrot production practices.

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