scholarly journals Lithium in the Green Energy Transition: The Quest for Both Sustainability and Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11274
Author(s):  
John D. Graham ◽  
John A. Rupp ◽  
Eva Brungard
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Global Rate ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Made In

Considering the quest to meet both sustainable development and energy security goals, we explore the ramifications of explosive growth in the global demand for lithium to meet the needs for batteries in plug-in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. We find that heavy dependence on lithium will create energy security risks because China has a dominant position in the lithium supply chain and both Europe and North America seek to curtail reliance on China throughout their supply chains. We also find that efforts to expand lithium mining have been much less successful in Chile, the United States, and Europe than in Australia. Local communities resist licensing of new lithium mines due to a variety of environmental, social, and economic concerns. There are alternative technologies that may make lithium mining more sustainable such as direct lithium extraction, but the timing of commercialization of this process is uncertain. Progress is also being made in battery recycling and in alternative battery designs that do not use lithium. Such advances are unlikely to attenuate the global rate of growth in lithium demand prior to 2030. We conclude that tradeoffs between sustainability and energy security are real, especially in the next decade.

scholarly journals Energy Security Problem amid Global Energy Transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-784
Author(s):  
Yury V. Borovsky
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

In the early 2020s the worlds transition from carbon-intensive to climate-neutral energy use has already become a discernible and a difficult-to-reverse process. With Joe Bidens election as US president, the United States have returned to the Paris Climate Agreement and have become a key driver of this process (along with the EU and China). As a result, the international community has reached a consensus on the ongoing energy transition. This process will require considerable effort and may take several decades. Nevertheless, the impact of energy transition on traditional approaches to energy security, which emerged largely as a result of the global oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s and are centered around the supply of fossil fuels, is already a relevant research topic. This problem is examined relying on the relevant terminological, theoretical and factual material. The article concludes that energy transition will ultimately undermine the carbon paradigm that has underpinned energy security policies since the 1970s. Rapid development of renewable and other low-carbon energy sources will certainly remove key energy security risks of energy importers and, possibly, allow them to achieve energy independence. However, a post-carbon era may also generate new risks. For countries that rely heavily on oil, gas and coal exports, energy transition will result in the loss of markets and revenues. It may present an energy security threat for them as well as it will require a costly and technologically complex process of the energy sector decarbonization. Some exporters, especially those with high fuel rents and insufficient financial reserves, may face serious economic and social upheavals as a result of energy transition. The EU and the US energy transition policies reflect provisions of all three fundamental international relations theoretical paradigms, including realism. This means that the EU and the US policy, aimed at promoting climate agenda, may be expected to be rather tough and aggressive. China as the third key player in energy transition is still following a liberal course; however, it may change in the future.

scholarly journals Energy dependence of western Europe: The rise and fall

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-303
Author(s):  
Marina Glamotchak
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Strategic Objective ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
The Unemployed

The relationship between energy sources import and export is placed in the centre of energy security analysis. The issue of the future of Europe is becoming increasingly important with the depth of the economic crisis that started in 2008. In addition to a continuous growth in the number of the unemployed, the crisis particularly emphasizes the chronic level of energy dependence. The energy saving measures (energy efficiency), diversification of sources (stability of supply), and the creation of substitutes in renewable energy (energy transition), interwin with administrative measures and form the response of European countries to the growing energy dependence. At the same time, although facing the threatening warming (or cooling) of the Earth, Europe, as a big advocate of reducing CO2 remains passively dependent on NATO policy in the field of defence in the context of energy dependence. However, for the first time after many decades, Europe and America do not have the same energy, and consequently geo-strategic objective: the United States has become energy independent, while Europe is chronically energy dependent. Preservation of the environment and the fight against climate deregulation becomes a crucial energy security domain.

scholarly journals CFIUS 2.0: An Instrument of American Economic Statecraft Targeting China

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-240
Author(s):  
Uday Khanapurkar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
The Us ◽  
Made In ◽  
Executive Body

On 13 August 2018, the president of the United States signed a bill to strengthen the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), an interagency executive body responsible for screening foreign investments made in the United States for national security risks. The move is primarily aimed at preventing Chinese firms from exploiting the US open capital markets to acquire technology. While much commentary exists spelling out the changes made to CFIUS by way of the legislation, their focus is largely on the legal and business ramifications of the policy at the firm level. This analysis assesses what CFIUS strengthening portends for the tech ambitions, examines the Chinese state’s response to the move, and observes its relevance to US–China economic decoupling.

ON SOME FEATURES OF THE US POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.U. KHANALIEV
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military ◽  
Made In

An attempt is made in the article to identify and analyze some aspects of the US foreign strategy in Central Asia which, in the authors opinion, although in one form or another are touched upon in the domestic political science, can nevertheless be interpreted from a new angle, subjecting the existing interpretations to a certain re-evaluation and adjustment. Washingtons policy in the region is viewed in a broader context, Central Asia is considered an integral part of Eurasia. The main attention is focused on the justification of the thesis that in the 90s of the last century the United States claimed to be the main actor occupying the dominant position in Eurasia as a whole and Central Asia in particular, but due to a number of factors failed to reach that aim. After analyzing the activities of the US administration in using the territory of the five countries as a springboard for the military operations in Afghanistan, it is concluded that from the beginning of the war until recently, the possibilities of achieving goals sought by Washington in the region gradually narrowed. It is shown that the situation was determined both by Russias return to the region as a great military and political power and emergence of such a new powerful actor as China, as well as by the mistakes and miscalculations of the US leadership.

ANALYSIS OF WAYS FOR ACHIEVING 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD (REVIEW)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
T.A. Zheliezna
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

The aim of the work is to analyze targets on the transition to 100% renewable energy sources (RES) existing in different countries of the world as well as strategies for their achievement. The task of the work is to identify the most promising directions and develop appropriate recommendations for Ukraine. The global trend is setting targets for the transition to 100% RES, at least in some energy sectors, developing appropriate strategies and their implementation. Over the last decade, the cost of renewable energy has been steadily declining, making RES more competitive with fossil fuels in many parts of the world. Today, more than 50 countries, hundreds of cities and regions in one form or another have committed to switching to 100% RES. Most often it is about achieving 100% of renewable electricity. So far, at least 52 cities and regions have achieved their targets for the transition to 100% RES. Of these, 41 are located in Europe and 9 are located in the United States. About 2/3 of these targets relate only to renewable electricity. In Ukraine, the official targets for the development of RES are set out in the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020 and in the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035. Recently, a draft Concept of the “green” energy transition of Ukraine until 2050 was developed, which sets the goal of achieving a climate-neutral economy by 2070. One of the main directions of decarbonization of the economy is the development of RES in combination with increasing energy efficiency and energy saving. It is necessary to resume completing the document with the inclusion of reasonable long-term goals to achieve 100% RES in certain energy sectors and in the whole energy balance of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Research of energy security problems of the Russian Federation considered by system-structural analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Elena Karanina ◽  
Natalya Abasheva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Near Future

The authors of the article make an attempt to prove the need to apply a system-structural approach to studying an object in order to model its economic security system, demonstrated by the example of the energy industry. The authors conduct a consistent analysis of threats to Russia’s energy security as the most important strategic subsystem influencing national security. Among the most significant threats analyzed in the article are: changes in the structure of demand for energy resources and the structure of their consumption in the world, the propensity of states to “green energy” and the introduction of energy-saving technologies. Increasing energy efficiency requirements also have a significant impact on the industry. However, the long time lag of the fourth energy transition described in the article makes it necessary to increase the efficiency of using our most important resources - gas and oil - to generate electricity, which will ensure the energy security of the state in the near future. Therefore, the authors examine the risks posed by the internal environment of the electric power industry, and prove possible solutions ensuring its economic security.

A Note On Consumption Patterns in the Rural Areas of East Pakistan

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-413
Author(s):  
Mohammad Irshad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Made In

The main purpose of this paper is to present estimates of income elasticities for various commodity groups in East Pakistan. To date no such studies have been conducted in that province; and estimates made in other areas of the subcontinent have only limited applicability. Analysis of consumption patterns is essential for development planning because priorities and investment targets have to be based on demand forecasts for different commodities. Forecasting demand requires, among other variables, reliable estimates of income elasticities. In addition, knowledge about elasticities can be useful in deciding taxation policies and other controls over consumption. Further, in countries like Pakistan where large quantities of surplus foods are imported under the United States PL 480 programme, knowledge of income elasticities and regional patterns of consumption is important to permit effective utilization of these imports for economic development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document