scholarly journals Assessing Retail Biomass Electricity Efficiency in Japan: Focus on Average Cost and Benefit

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12274
Author(s):  
Noriko Irie ◽  
Naoko Kawahara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Resource Usage ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Comparative Cost ◽  
The Social ◽  
Biomass Resource ◽  
The Cost

Biomass utilisation has been one of the most pertinent topics in the field of sustainability. An example of biomass resource usage is renewable electricity (REL) using bioresources (Bio-REL). Although Bio-REL is widely disseminated globally, existing research suggests that it may be less economically efficient than other REL sources. The cost of Bio-REL has not changed in recent years, but the cost of solar or photovoltaic (PV) REL has been significantly reduced. Some studies also assert that retail Bio-REL is preferred less than PV-REL. As this is not well established in the literature, this study analysed the average levelised costs of energy (LCOE) and preferences for retail Bio-REL and PV-REL while focusing on the case of Japan. The results indicate that the average LCOE of retail Bio-REL was 1.4 times greater than that of PV-REL, while the willingness to pay (WTP) for Bio-REL was about half. The analysis has considerable relevance for countries other than Japan with comparative cost and preference for both REL sources. The research raises an important issue regarding the efficiency of the strategy of REL dissemination and proposes that a comprehensive economic analysis of the social benefits of Bio-REL be conducted.

Comparative Cost of Selective Screening To Prevent Transmission of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), Compared With the Attributable Costs of MRSA Infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1264-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gavaldà ◽  
Cristina Masuet ◽  
Juan Beltran ◽  
Maria Garcia ◽  
Delia Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Selective Screening ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Comparative Cost ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
The Cost

The annual cost of a screening program to detect methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in a teaching hospital in Spain was €10,261. The average cost per MRSA infection was €2,730; therefore, the cost of the program would be covered if it only prevented 4 infections per year (11% of the total number of MRSA infections at our hospital).

scholarly journals A screening algorithm for patients with adrenal incidentalomas

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
G A Mel'nichenko ◽  
A V Ustyugova ◽  
M F Kalashnikova ◽  
M V Avksent'eva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Adrenal Incidentalomas ◽  
Screening Algorithm ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

Integrated clinical and economic analysis of the efficiency of screening was made in patients with adrenal incidentalomas under the established practical conditions; the average cost of screening of a patient with adrenal incidentalomas and the cost of one detected case were determined under these conditions. Based on the clinical and economic analysis, the authors have elaborated and scientifically substantiated an algorithm for screening of patients with adrenal incidentalomas, the use of which will permit, with high clinical efficacy, a significant reduction in the cost of screening.

scholarly journals Análisis del efecto de los mercados de agua sobre el beneficio de las explotaciones, la contaminación por nitratos y el empleo eventual agrario

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Calatrava Leyva ◽  
Alberto Garrido Colmenero
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost

The evidence available about the external effects of functioning water markets is ambiguous. While some authors have shown that water exchanges diminishes the polluting effects of irrigated agriculture, others conclude otherwise. The joint use of contaminant input taxes and the establishment of water markets gives rise to ambiguous results, because water and fertilisers are not substitutes. The objective of this paper is to examine the joint effects of establishing an hypothetical spot water market among farmers and a nitrogen tax on irrigators’ benefits, nitrogen pollution and hired external labour. Two non-linear models are formulated and developed that simulate irrigators’ behaviour and the functioning of inter-district water markets in the Guadalquivir basin. Results show that water markets would increase hired farm labour and irrigators’ surplus, though at the cost of increasing nitrates pollution. The reduction of nitrates contamination achieved by the tax is attenuated as a result of water exchanges, which in turn contribute to reduce the negative income effects caused by the nitrates tax. Water markets increase unambiguously the social benefits resulting from increasing hired labour.

Individual Cost Estimation in Construction Bidding Process Based on Cost Index

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 4652-4657
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jian Guo Chen ◽  
Xin Xin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Cost Index ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bidding Process

Tender offer is very important to the construction enterprises in the bidding process. So how to identify the individual cost objectively and efficiently is studied in the essay. The relations of social average cost and individual cost, the factors affecting the individual cost and the difficulty in ascertaining the cost in the bidding process are analyzed. Grey RBF neural network model is built combining with the cost index to obtain the social average cost. The Analytic Hierarchy Process model is made to analyze the rate of each factor affecting the individual cost through expert system. On the basis of the social average cost combining with the affecting rate of each factor, the individual cost could be judged. This method is of practical significance and proved effective through a living example. The conclusion could provide reference for construction enterprise to select the bidding strategy.

scholarly journals Government Employees of Bangladesh and their Willingness to Pay for Social Health Insurance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Soeb Md. Shoayeb Noman
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Health Insurance Premium ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost

Determining the health insurance premium is the most important aspect in providing social health insurance. In measuring the rate, it is needed to calculate the cost of providing the service. One possible methodological tool of calculating the cost is the contingent valuation method for the evaluation of the consumers’ capacity and their willingness to pay for the services. This study applied a Logit model, having binary depended variable with follow up dichotomous choice at different premium levels, to estimate the factors associated to joining the social health insurance scheme. The study found that 80.1 percent of the government employees of Bangladesh wants to pay on average 6.69 percent of their basic salary as social health insurance premium. The result shows that younger peoples are less willing to pay while older people are more willing to pay for social health insurance. The study also revealed that the area of residence and no of visit to doctor play a key role in determining the willingness to pay. This study should help the policymakers to formulate and implement the social health insurance scheme in Bangladesh.

Is the Minimum Wage Detrimental to the Economy?

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-330
Author(s):  
Anna Krajewska ◽  
Stefan Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Consequent Increase

The minimum wage in Poland is relatively low. It amounts only 1,600 PLN in 2013. Therefore, it is no surprise that the trade unions have been making efforts to have it raised to the level of 50% of the average salary. However, this has been met with staunch resistance from employers. The liberal model of the economy, which dominates in Poland, favours employers. Moreover, the attitude of the government, politicians, the media, as well as many scientists towards this is not favourable. These are the objections usually raised against the increase of minimum wage: - raising the minimum wage entails unemployment growth; - an increase in the minimum wage entails an increase in the average pay, with a consequent increase in the inflation rate; - the amount of the minimum wage and its growth rate is frequently the basis for an index-linked pay increase in the budget institutions and some social benefits, which results in an increase in fixed budget spending, which is not justified economically; - the minimum wage level, regarded by employers as too high, results in the practice of paying workers outside the official payroll, thereby extending the grey area; - an increase in the minimum wage is a threat to businesses, especially to micro-enterprises, which operate on the brink of insolvency and may face bankruptcy; - an increase in the minimum wage raises the cost of labour and makes businesses less competitive. This paper, in its later part, provides arguments against the allegations. There is a one-sided view of the issue of the minimum wage in Poland. Wages are regarded exclusively as an element of the cost of labour and, as such, they should not increase as this is detrimental to entrepreneurs and to the economy. Such analyses disregard the social and economic (in a broad context) aspects of having a minimum wage. 

Exploration-Stage Implementation Variation

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Romney ◽  
Nathaniel Israel ◽  
Danijela Zlatevski
Keyword(s):  
Parent Training ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Triple P ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Parent Training Program ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Cost

The present study examines the effect of agency-level implementation variation on the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based parent training program (Positive Parenting Program: “Triple P”). Staff from six community-based agencies participated in a five-day training to prepare them to deliver a 12-week Triple P parent training group to caregivers. Prior to the training, administrators and staff from four of the agencies completed a site readiness process intended to prepare them for the implementation demands of successfully delivering the group, while the other two agencies did not complete the process. Following the delivery of each agency’s first Triple P group, the graduation rate and average cost per class graduate were calculated. The average cost-per-graduate was over seven times higher for the two agencies that had not completed the readiness process than for the four completing agencies ($7,811 vs. $1,052). The contrast in costs was due to high participant attrition in the Triple P groups delivered by the two agencies that did not complete the readiness process. The odds of Triple P participants graduating were 12.2 times greater for those in groups run by sites that had completed the readiness process. This differential attrition was not accounted for by between-group differences in participant characteristics at pretest. While the natural design of this study limits the ability to empirically test all alternative explanations, these findings indicate a striking cost savings for sites completing the readiness process and support the thoughtful application of readiness procedures in the early stages of an implementation initiative.

Social-Psychological Models in Labor Motivation Analysis

2004 ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Surkov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Economic Man ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Social Psychological Approach

Benefits of using social-psychological approach in the analysis of labor motivations are considered in the article. Classification of employees as objects of economic analysis is offered: "the economic man", "the man of the organization", "the social man" and "the asocial man". Related models give the opportunity to predict behavior of the firm in different situations, such as shocks of various nature.

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