Individual Cost Estimation in Construction Bidding Process Based on Cost Index

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 4652-4657
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jian Guo Chen ◽  
Xin Xin Cheng

Tender offer is very important to the construction enterprises in the bidding process. So how to identify the individual cost objectively and efficiently is studied in the essay. The relations of social average cost and individual cost, the factors affecting the individual cost and the difficulty in ascertaining the cost in the bidding process are analyzed. Grey RBF neural network model is built combining with the cost index to obtain the social average cost. The Analytic Hierarchy Process model is made to analyze the rate of each factor affecting the individual cost through expert system. On the basis of the social average cost combining with the affecting rate of each factor, the individual cost could be judged. This method is of practical significance and proved effective through a living example. The conclusion could provide reference for construction enterprise to select the bidding strategy.

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-805
Author(s):  
Byron W. Wight

Two decades ago, in a pioneering study, the Canadian psychiatrist John Tillmann demonstrated that drivers with a record of repeated automobile accidents did not confine their "accident" behavior to the highway. They were—to a substantially greater extent than accident-free drivers— "in trouble" in various aspects of their lives. Their records in a variety of social and legal agencies documented widespread pathology—economic, social, psychological, physical. Tillmann's conclusion, "You drive as you live," has achieved wide currency, but it has taken almost two decades for his conceptual framework to be applied to nonvehicular accidents—and especially to childhood accidents. Where such attempts have been made—where the investigator has broadened his focus on the "mechanics" of the accident to include a view of the personal and social characteristics of the individuals involved—the findings have been striking. Waller's unpublished study of shooting accidents demonstrates, for example, that those who have such accidents are quite different from gun owners who are accident-free. The paper that follows demonstrates some significant differences between mothers suspected of physically abusing their children and mothers of children whose accidents do not involve the suspicion of abuse. Perhaps because the early, largely discredited, concept of "accident proneness" was fundamentally a psychological one, there remains a tendency in many investigators to seek out psychological characteristics that distinguish child-abusing parents from those who do not abuse their children. Since the significant distinguishing psychological variables usually involve unusual sensitivity to social stresses or a general deficiency in coping ability, a remedial program may attempt either psychotherapy of the individual or a general alleviation of the social stresses. The social approach offers a practical alternative to the cost and uncertainty of the psychotherapeutic approach.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Bagyo Mulyono ◽  
Paulus Setyo Nugroho

<p class="DRAbstrak">Cost estimation is the art of estimating the amount of cost required for an activity based on available information. The conceptual cost estimate is an early stage in planning a construction project. This estimate provides the cost that must be budgeted for a construction project. Cost conceptual estimates have low accuracy because the time of calculation and available information is limited. This study aims to obtain a conceptual model of the conceptual cost of short-spaced bridges. The method used is the cost index. The cost index is a figure indicating the cost per m2 of bridges at a given time. The required data are contract documents and drawings design that are built in 2012 - 2015 in Banyumas residency area. Span of bridge 4 - 38.8 meters and width of bridge 2 - 7 meters with caisson  foundation. The data were obtained from Dinas Bina Marga and Public Works Agency. The results showed that the conceptual cost model of reinforced concrete bridge with caisson foundation was BJiL = (100.540.56t2-404.528.636,58t + 406.914.286.088,58) x P x W, with t = year, P = span bridge, and W = bridge width. The error value of validation of this model is 2.31%.</p>


Author(s):  
P.M. Pershukevich ◽  
I.P. Pershukevich ◽  

Agricultural production is considered as a social ecological and economic system (SEES). The purpose of the research is to study the social subsystem of SEES from the point of view of its formation. The social structures of the village (which are the individual with his physical, social and spiritual needs, the family and the village as components of a whole) form the way of life of the peasants. The social subsystem has a significant reverse effect, “pressure” on the ecosystem and the state. The degree of development of the individual in rural areas is characterized by the level of development of its needs, motivational complex, potential, including labor, and its orientation. The labor potential of an employee is formed by the characteristics of a person that determine their capabilities in the course of work, and depends on their education, natural data, life experience, and upbringing. Labor potential includes the following components: health, morality, creativity, activity, organization, education, professionalism, working time resources. Human labor can be regulated and innovative (creative). As a rule, the cost of regulated labor increases the cost, but does not create surplus value. It is formed by innovative work as a result of the manifestation of creative abilities of a person.


2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 695-701
Author(s):  
Bing Chen ◽  
Xue Qin Hu ◽  
Bei Zhan Wang ◽  
Yin Huan Zheng

This paper proposed a new hybrid spectral clustering algorithm in which Mean Impact Value (MIV) was used in the cost dimension reduction. The processing of system implementation is as follows: first, we used BP neural network to determine the principal items materials, and then applied the spectral clustering algorithm to calculate the principal items price according to principal items materials; finally, principal items ratio estimation method has been used to do cost estimation. This paper took the Xiamen project cost station as the actual case and experimental results shown that this algorithm could meet the cost requirements of project cost station both in time efficiency and accuracy through parameters self-adjusting.


2013 ◽  
Vol 760-762 ◽  
pp. 2056-2059
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Xia Feng

In this paper, we believed that social tag is a new paradigm of resource organizing and sharing. It is a very suitable technology using in e-learning systems. We discussed with the learning process in the e-learning system based on social tags. We brought forward a new individual learning process model based on social tags. And we compared with the new learning process model and traditional process model. The new individual learning process model could improve the interaction between learners and between human and computers. The social tags could help the e-learning system build the learners preference model and knowledge model.


2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Baalousha ◽  
Tahir Çelik

Estimating is a fundamental part of construction projects. Accurate cost estimate is the single most important element involved in the series of events that leads to a profitable completion of a contract in construction industry. The success or failure of a project depends on the accuracy of cost estimation. A cost estimate becomes more difficult and more complicated under inflationary medium. An unpredictable inflation rate and long progress payment delay during this period makes the budgeting function very difficult, if not impossible. The cost estimation process uses lots of data. The availability of the appropriate data at the appropriate time is one of the main factors affecting the accuracy of the cost estimation. As the complexity of the estimating task increases computerized system becomes increasingly important. The estimator should develop a good system of estimating forms and procedures that exactly meet the requirements of the pro- ject, and that is understood and accessible by all team members. This system should provide the ability to define material, labor hour and equipment hour quantities required for the project. Material, labor, and equipment unit costs are then applied to the bill of quantities. This paper presents An Integrated Web-Based Data Warehouse and Artificial Neural Net- works Model for Unit Price Analysis with Inflation Adjustment system called “DANUP“. Web facilities and database management capabilities of Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 are applied to create a data warehouse which is mainly aimed to integrate data from multiple heterogeneous databases and other information sources. The System also supports integrated cost index for adjusting the effect of inflation during estimating process. An artificial neural network model for forecast- ing the cost indices in Turkey for the project period has been developed. A construction project takes relatively long time to complete, effective communication among the project participants during the project period is important. A web based system is developed to facilitate the collection of construction cost information and communication. The web based sys- tem focuses on demonstrating the potential of data centric web data bases in enhancing the communication process during project execution. End users can access the database through the internet and perform certain transactions according to their authorization. Santrauka Sąmatos sudarymas – esminė statybos projektų dalis. Tiksli sąnaudų sąmata – vienas svarbiausių elementų, susijusių su įvykiais, kurie statybų sektoriuje leidžia pelningai įvykdyti sutartį. Projekto sėkmė arba žlugimas priklauso nuo to, ar tiksliai įvertintos sąnaudos. Infliacinėje aplinkoje sąnaudas įvertinti sunkiau ir sudėtingiau. Dėl neprognozuojamo infliacijos lygio ir ilgalaikių dalinių mokejimų vėlavimo per tokį laikotarpį biudžetą numatyti itin sunku, o gal net neįmanoma. Vertinant sąnaudas reikia gausybės duomenų. Galimybė reikiamu metu gauti reikiamus duomenis – vienas pagrindinių veiksnių, darančių įtaką sąnaudų sąmatos tikslumui. Kadangi sąmatas sudaryti vis sudėtingiau, vis svarbiau yra naudoti kompiuterizuotas sistemas. Sąmatininkas turi suformuoti gerą sąmatų sudarymo formų ir procedūrų sistemą, tiksliai atitinkančią projekto reikalavimus, suprantamą ir prieinamą visiems komandos nariams. Tokioje sistemoje reikia funkcijos, leidžiančios nurodyti projektui reikalingų medžiagų, darbo valandų ir įrangos naudojimo valandų skaičius. Tuomet medžiagų, darbo ir įrangos vienetų kainos įtraukiamos i sąmatą. Šiame darbe pristatoma integruoto internetinio duomenų saugyklos ir dirbtinių neuroninių tinklų modelio, tinkamo analizuoti vieneto kainą, atsižvelgiant į infliacija, sistema, pavadinta ”DANUP“. Naudojant Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 internetines ir duomenų bazių valdymo funkcijas, sukuriama duomenų saugykla, kurios svarbiausias tikslas – integruoti iš daugybės heterogeninių duomenų bazių ir kitų informacijos šaltinių gautus duomenis. Be to, naudojant sistemą galima sudaryti integruotą sąnaudų indeksą, kuris sudarant sąmatą leidžia įvertinti infliacijos poveikį. Buvo sukurtas dirbtinio neuroninio tinklo modelis, leidžiantis Turkijoje prognozuoti sąnaudų indeksus, kurie galios vykstant projektui. Statybos projektas trunka gana ilgai, taigi vykdant projektą svarbu, kad bendravimas tarp jo dalyvių būtų efektyvus. Buvo sukurta internetinė sistema, padedanti rinkti informaciją apie statybų sąnaudas ir bendrauti tarpusavyje. Pagrindinis internetinės sistemos tikslas – parodyti, kaip, remiantis duomenų kiekiu grindžiamomis internetinėmis duomenų bazėmis, vykdant projektą galima pagerinti komunikaciją. Galutiniai vartotojai duomenų bazę gali pasiekti internetu ir, priklausomai nuo prieigos lygio, atlikti tam tikras operacijas.


Author(s):  
Richard F. Callahan ◽  
Mark A. Pisano

The research developed in this chapter identifies intergenerational equity as a function of three dynamics: local government fiscal sustainability, demographic drivers, and place-based health equity. Intergeneration equity is researched from three related sets of pressures: One, the cost increases threatening the fiscal sustainability. Two, demographic changes result in a lower growth rate of working population. Three, persistent social inequities linked directly to neighborhoods correlate with wide disparities in life expectancy. The research develops a deeper understanding of each of these three dynamics, including the individual impact as well as the collective impact through their interconnectedness. This combined analytic framework better identifies the institutional mechanisms that can address these issues. The chapter concludes with mapping ways for local government to move forward by applying the design principals developed from research in sustainability of common pool resources.


Author(s):  
Romina Chavez-Jara ◽  
Nicolas Cerusico ◽  
Maria Lazarte ◽  
Carla Cabrera ◽  
Andrea Herrera Bruno ◽  
...  

Background: Chronic lower limb ulcers (CLLU) have an important burden to the individual and the healthcare system.&nbsp; However, there is a lack of information about the cost of CLLU in Argentina.Objective: To determinate the number and cost of consultation and hospitalization associated to CLLU in a public hospital in Argentina. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Cost estimation were calculated based on days of stay, treatments and laboratory tests in a inpatient population and the number of consultations, treatments and laboratory tests, in a outpatient population. Results: In 2013 and 2014, the overall number of consultation with ICD-10 codes was 7,224 and the number of inpatient was 359. The mean age for male and female outpatient consultations was 59.53(&plusmn;13.06) years and 59.04(&plusmn;10.93), respectively. For CLLU male and female inpatient, the mean age was 63.9(&plusmn;10.4) years and 54.5(&plusmn;8.6) years, respectively. The length of&nbsp;stay was 22.88 days. There was a mean of 0.41 surgeries per patient where 25% were amputations. The mean annual cost in a single public hospital was US$4,053.65 per inpatient and US$3,589.24 per outpatient. Conclusion: Cost information allows new public health policies to reduce socioeconomic burden due to CLLU.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 481-490
Author(s):  
Iryna Savelchuk ◽  
Daria Bybyk ◽  
Valentyna Hrebenova ◽  
Yurii Horban ◽  
Oksana Koshelieva

The relevance of the scientific investigation involves understanding the importance of the social competence concept in the students’ environment in terms of distance learning, which has arisen based on quarantine restrictions.  The purpose of the scientific investigation is to identify the formation level of social competence of student youth in the educational environment within the conditions of pandemic in the process of distance learning. Methods of pedagogical research (remote interaction), sociological (survey in Google-forms) and statistical methods have been used to form a methodological base. It has been revealed that in the conditions of distance learning at HEI during a pandemic, social competence undergoes significant changes, considering that the results of a survey of students are significant, indicating a decrease in the level of socialization. The practical significance of the results of the scientific investigation is aimed at improving the social development of the individual, outlining the main transitions between levels of socialization in terms of quarantine restrictions and distance learning. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12274
Author(s):  
Noriko Irie ◽  
Naoko Kawahara

Biomass utilisation has been one of the most pertinent topics in the field of sustainability. An example of biomass resource usage is renewable electricity (REL) using bioresources (Bio-REL). Although Bio-REL is widely disseminated globally, existing research suggests that it may be less economically efficient than other REL sources. The cost of Bio-REL has not changed in recent years, but the cost of solar or photovoltaic (PV) REL has been significantly reduced. Some studies also assert that retail Bio-REL is preferred less than PV-REL. As this is not well established in the literature, this study analysed the average levelised costs of energy (LCOE) and preferences for retail Bio-REL and PV-REL while focusing on the case of Japan. The results indicate that the average LCOE of retail Bio-REL was 1.4 times greater than that of PV-REL, while the willingness to pay (WTP) for Bio-REL was about half. The analysis has considerable relevance for countries other than Japan with comparative cost and preference for both REL sources. The research raises an important issue regarding the efficiency of the strategy of REL dissemination and proposes that a comprehensive economic analysis of the social benefits of Bio-REL be conducted.


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