The cost and compensation on the social benefits of power supplying enterprises

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehong Li ◽  
Lixin Dai ◽  
Yongchen Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Benefits ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Análisis del efecto de los mercados de agua sobre el beneficio de las explotaciones, la contaminación por nitratos y el empleo eventual agrario

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Calatrava Leyva ◽  
Alberto Garrido Colmenero
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost

The evidence available about the external effects of functioning water markets is ambiguous. While some authors have shown that water exchanges diminishes the polluting effects of irrigated agriculture, others conclude otherwise. The joint use of contaminant input taxes and the establishment of water markets gives rise to ambiguous results, because water and fertilisers are not substitutes. The objective of this paper is to examine the joint effects of establishing an hypothetical spot water market among farmers and a nitrogen tax on irrigators’ benefits, nitrogen pollution and hired external labour. Two non-linear models are formulated and developed that simulate irrigators’ behaviour and the functioning of inter-district water markets in the Guadalquivir basin. Results show that water markets would increase hired farm labour and irrigators’ surplus, though at the cost of increasing nitrates pollution. The reduction of nitrates contamination achieved by the tax is attenuated as a result of water exchanges, which in turn contribute to reduce the negative income effects caused by the nitrates tax. Water markets increase unambiguously the social benefits resulting from increasing hired labour.

scholarly journals Assessing Retail Biomass Electricity Efficiency in Japan: Focus on Average Cost and Benefit

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12274
Author(s):  
Noriko Irie ◽  
Naoko Kawahara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Resource Usage ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Comparative Cost ◽  
The Social ◽  
Biomass Resource ◽  
The Cost

Biomass utilisation has been one of the most pertinent topics in the field of sustainability. An example of biomass resource usage is renewable electricity (REL) using bioresources (Bio-REL). Although Bio-REL is widely disseminated globally, existing research suggests that it may be less economically efficient than other REL sources. The cost of Bio-REL has not changed in recent years, but the cost of solar or photovoltaic (PV) REL has been significantly reduced. Some studies also assert that retail Bio-REL is preferred less than PV-REL. As this is not well established in the literature, this study analysed the average levelised costs of energy (LCOE) and preferences for retail Bio-REL and PV-REL while focusing on the case of Japan. The results indicate that the average LCOE of retail Bio-REL was 1.4 times greater than that of PV-REL, while the willingness to pay (WTP) for Bio-REL was about half. The analysis has considerable relevance for countries other than Japan with comparative cost and preference for both REL sources. The research raises an important issue regarding the efficiency of the strategy of REL dissemination and proposes that a comprehensive economic analysis of the social benefits of Bio-REL be conducted.

Is the Minimum Wage Detrimental to the Economy?

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-330
Author(s):  
Anna Krajewska ◽  
Stefan Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Consequent Increase

The minimum wage in Poland is relatively low. It amounts only 1,600 PLN in 2013. Therefore, it is no surprise that the trade unions have been making efforts to have it raised to the level of 50% of the average salary. However, this has been met with staunch resistance from employers. The liberal model of the economy, which dominates in Poland, favours employers. Moreover, the attitude of the government, politicians, the media, as well as many scientists towards this is not favourable. These are the objections usually raised against the increase of minimum wage: - raising the minimum wage entails unemployment growth; - an increase in the minimum wage entails an increase in the average pay, with a consequent increase in the inflation rate; - the amount of the minimum wage and its growth rate is frequently the basis for an index-linked pay increase in the budget institutions and some social benefits, which results in an increase in fixed budget spending, which is not justified economically; - the minimum wage level, regarded by employers as too high, results in the practice of paying workers outside the official payroll, thereby extending the grey area; - an increase in the minimum wage is a threat to businesses, especially to micro-enterprises, which operate on the brink of insolvency and may face bankruptcy; - an increase in the minimum wage raises the cost of labour and makes businesses less competitive. This paper, in its later part, provides arguments against the allegations. There is a one-sided view of the issue of the minimum wage in Poland. Wages are regarded exclusively as an element of the cost of labour and, as such, they should not increase as this is detrimental to entrepreneurs and to the economy. Such analyses disregard the social and economic (in a broad context) aspects of having a minimum wage. 

Constructing Images of Deviance: A Look at State Intervention into the Problem of Wife-Battery

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Wife Battering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

Patricia Morgan's paper describes what happens when the state intervenes in the social problem of wife-battering. Her analysis refers to the United States, but there are clear implications for other countries, including Britain. The author argues that the state, through its social problem apparatus, manages the image of the problem by a process of bureaucratization, professionalization and individualization. This serves to narrow the definition of the problem, and to depoliticize it by removing it from its class context and viewing it in terms of individual pathology rather than structure. Thus refuges were initially run by small feminist collectives which had a dual objective of providing a service and promoting among the women an understanding of their structural position in society. The need for funds forced the groups to turn to the state for financial aid. This was given, but at the cost to the refuges of losing their political aims. Many refuges became larger, much more service-orientated and more diversified in providing therapy for the batterers and dealing with other problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. This transformed not only the refuges but also the image of the problem of wife-battering.

THE CONTROL OF CHILD-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-805
Author(s):  
Byron W. Wight
Keyword(s):  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Remedial Program ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Childhood Accidents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

Two decades ago, in a pioneering study, the Canadian psychiatrist John Tillmann demonstrated that drivers with a record of repeated automobile accidents did not confine their "accident" behavior to the highway. They were—to a substantially greater extent than accident-free drivers— "in trouble" in various aspects of their lives. Their records in a variety of social and legal agencies documented widespread pathology—economic, social, psychological, physical. Tillmann's conclusion, "You drive as you live," has achieved wide currency, but it has taken almost two decades for his conceptual framework to be applied to nonvehicular accidents—and especially to childhood accidents. Where such attempts have been made—where the investigator has broadened his focus on the "mechanics" of the accident to include a view of the personal and social characteristics of the individuals involved—the findings have been striking. Waller's unpublished study of shooting accidents demonstrates, for example, that those who have such accidents are quite different from gun owners who are accident-free. The paper that follows demonstrates some significant differences between mothers suspected of physically abusing their children and mothers of children whose accidents do not involve the suspicion of abuse. Perhaps because the early, largely discredited, concept of "accident proneness" was fundamentally a psychological one, there remains a tendency in many investigators to seek out psychological characteristics that distinguish child-abusing parents from those who do not abuse their children. Since the significant distinguishing psychological variables usually involve unusual sensitivity to social stresses or a general deficiency in coping ability, a remedial program may attempt either psychotherapy of the individual or a general alleviation of the social stresses. The social approach offers a practical alternative to the cost and uncertainty of the psychotherapeutic approach.

The Cost of Queen Loss in the Social Wasp Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Strassmann ◽  
Angelo Fortunato ◽  
Rita Cervo ◽  
Stefano Turillazzi ◽  
Jesse M. Damon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Wasp ◽  
Polistes Dominulus ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Transparency in Autonomous Teammates

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Rose Panganiban ◽  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Michael D. Long
Keyword(s):  
Social Cues ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Team Collaboration ◽  
Task Setting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Team Environment ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Occupational Settings ◽  
Machine Interaction

Human–Machine teaming is a very near term standard for many occupational settings and still requires considerations for the design of autonomous teammates (ATs). Transparency of system processes is important for human–machine interaction and reliance but standards for its implementation are still being explored. Embedding social cues is a potential design approach, which may capture the social benefits of a team environment, yet vary with task setting. The current study examined the manipulation of transparency of benevolent intent from an AT within a piloting task requiring suppression of enemy defenses. Specifically, the benevolent AT maintained task communication as in a neutral condition, but included messages of support and awareness of errors. Benevolent communication reduced reported workload and increased reported team collaboration, indicating that this team intent was beneficial. In addition, trust and acceptance of the AT were rated higher by individuals tasked with depending on the system to protect them from missile threats. The need for information from ATs is beneficial, however may vary depending on team type.

scholarly journals Leprosy and the Plague: State Surveillance of Low-Income Fathers

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-139
Author(s):  
Monika Jean Ulrich Myers ◽  
Michael Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Child Support Enforcement ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Surveillance

Foucault’s theory of state social control contrasts societal responses to leprosy, where deviants are exiled from society but promised freedom from social demands, and the plague, where deviants are controlled and surveyed within society but receive some state assistance in exchange for their cooperation.In this paper, I analyze how low-income fathers in the United States simultaneously experience social control consistent with leprosy and social control consistent with the plague but do not receive the social benefits that Foucault associates with either status.Through interviews with 57 low-income fathers, I investigate the role of state surveillance in their family lives through child support enforcement, the criminal justice system, and child protective services.Because they did not receive any benefits from compliance with this surveillance, they resisted it, primarily by dropping “off the radar.”Men justified their resistance in four ways: they had their own material needs, they did not want the child, they did not want to separate from their child’s mother or compliance was unnecessary.This resistance is consistent with Foucault’s distinction between leprosy and the plague.They believed that they did not receive the social benefits accorded to plague victims, so they attempted to be treated like lepers, excluded from social benefits but with no social demands or surveillance.

scholarly journals Arbeitslosigkeit und Einkommensverteilung.

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (99) ◽  
pp. 205-219
Author(s):  
Heiner Ganßmann ◽  
Grover McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Profit Distribution ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Structure Of Accumulation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cost

The development of the wage-profit-distribution in post-war Germany is analyzed, applying the»cost-of-job-loss«-concept which has been elaborated in the social-structure-of-accumulation framework by radical US-economists. Statistical estimates show that the costs of job loss (as adeterminant of work and conflict behavior of workers) exercise a significant influence on the development of income distribution in (West) Germany.

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