scholarly journals Handedness Development: A Model for Investigating the Development of Hemispheric Specialization and Interhemispheric Coordination

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
George F. Michel
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Interhemispheric Communication ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Communication And Coordination ◽  
Categorical Distribution

The author presents his perspective on the character of science, development, and handedness and relates these to his investigations of the early development of handedness. After presenting some ideas on what hemispheric specialization of function might mean for neural processing and how handedness should be assessed, the neuroscience of control of the arms/hands and interhemispheric communication and coordination are examined for how developmental processes can affect these mechanisms. The author’s work on the development of early handedness is reviewed and placed within a context of cascading events in which different forms of handedness emerge from earlier forms but not in a deterministic manner. This approach supports a continuous rather than categorical distribution of handedness and accounts for the predominance of right-handedness while maintaining a minority of left-handedness. Finally, the relation of the development of handedness to the development of several language and cognitive skills is examined.

scholarly journals Handedness Development: A Model for Investigating the Development of Hemispheric Specialization and Interhemispheric Coordination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Frederick Michel
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Interhemispheric Communication ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Communication And Coordination ◽  
Categorical Distribution

The author presents his perspective on the character of science, development, and handedness and relates these to his investigations of the early development of handedness. After presenting some ideas on what hemispheric specialization of function might mean for neural processing and how handedness should be assessed, the neuroscience of control of the arms/hands and interhemispheric communication and coordination are examined for how developmental processes can affect these mechanisms. The author’s work on the development of early handedness is reviewed and placed within a context of cascading events in which different forms of handedness emerge from earlier forms but not in a deterministic manner. This approach supports a continuous rather than categorical distribution of handedness and accounts for the predominance of right-handedness while maintaining a minority of left-handedness. Finally, the relation of the development of handedness to the development of several language and cognitive skills is examined.

I.—On the Developmental Processes in Mammary Glands and other Epidermal Structures

1952 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. I. Balinsky
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mitotic Rate ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Histochemical Methods

Synopsis:The early development of the mammary glands and of hair follicles in the mouse and the rabbit has been investigated by means of mitotic counts, by histochemical methods and by cultivation in vitro. In the first stage of the formation of both types of rudiment a thickening of the epidermis appears as a consequence of an aggregation of cells, not of a local elevation of the mitotic rate. During this stage alkaline phosphatase is absent from the cells and the content of ribose-nucleic acid reduced. Both these substances appear in higher concentrations later, and their relation to processes of growth and differentiation is discussed. Essentially similar phenomena are found in rudiments cultivated in vitro, which, however, frequently suffer a degeneration by a process of keratinisation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Family and Domestic Violence on Children’s Early Developmental Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Orr ◽  
Colleen Fisher ◽  
Rebecca Glauert ◽  
David Preen ◽  
Melissa O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Social Competence ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionChildren have a universal right to live free from exposure to family and domestic violence (FDV). Young children (<6-years) are at greater risk of exposure to FDV due to the time spent in the family home and parental dependence. Despite the limited empirical literature, it is acknowledged that FDV exposure can impact a child’s developmental outcomes with respect to social competence including social, emotional, and cognitive skills. Objectives and approachOur cohort study used longitudinal population-level data from Western Australia Police and hospital data to identify FDV, these datasets were genealogically linked to the children and their Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) to investigate the early development outcomes of Western Australian children born 2002-2010 (N=6,955). Our aim was to determine if children exposed to FDV had greater vulnerability in early development outcomes as measured by the Australian Version of the Early Development Instrument (used in the AEDC), in the child’s first year of formal schooling (2009-2015). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of children exposed to FDV being classed as developmentally vulnerable in each of the five AEDC development domains: physical health and wellbeing; social competence; emotional maturity; language and cognitive skills (school-based) and; communication skills and general knowledge. Models were adjusted for a range of covariates known to impact developmental outcomes. ResultsChildren exposed to FDV had between 42% and 69% higher odds than non-exposed children of being developmentally vulnerable in the five domains. Additionally, children exposed to FDV had significantly higher odds of being developmentally vulnerable in two or more domains compared to children who were not exposed (adjustedOR 1.70; 95%CI 1.46-1.97). ConclusionsExposure to FDV increases the odds of vulnerability in early development outcomes. Early intervention for children exposed to FDV to mitigate the impact on outcomes, and ultimately the need to prevent FDV is clearly needed.

scholarly journals Comparing physical and social cognitive skills in macaque species with different degrees of social tolerance

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1862) ◽  
pp. 20162738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Joly ◽  
Jérôme Micheletta ◽  
Arianna De Marco ◽  
Jan A. Langermans ◽  
Elisabeth H. M. Sterck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Social Tolerance ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Communication And Coordination

Contemporary evolutionary theories propose that living in groups drives the selection of enhanced cognitive skills to face competition and facilitate cooperation between individuals. Being able to coordinate both in space and time with others and make strategic decisions are essential skills for cooperating within groups. Social tolerance and an egalitarian social structure have been proposed as one specific driver of cooperation. Therefore, social tolerance is predicted to be associated with enhanced cognitive skills that underpin communication and coordination. Social tolerance should also be associated with enhanced inhibition, which is crucial for suppressing automatic responses and permitting delayed gratification in cooperative contexts. We tested the performance of four closely related non-human primate species (genus Macaca ) characterized by different degrees of social tolerance on a large battery of cognitive tasks covering physical and social cognition, and on an inhibitory control task. All species performed at a comparable level on the physical cognition tasks but the more tolerant species outperformed the less tolerant species at a social cognition task relevant to cooperation and in the inhibitory control task. These findings support the hypothesis that social tolerance is associated with the evolution of sophisticated cognitive skills relevant for cooperative social living.

Infant Attention Grows Up: The Emergence of a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Infant Attention

Visual attention has long been regarded as a tool for studying the development of basic cognitive skills in infancy and early childhood. However, over the past decade, the development of attention in early life has emerged as an important topic of research in its own right. This essay describes recent changes in the methods used to study attention in infancy, and in the nature of inferences about the early development of attention, as both research and theory in the area have become progressively integrated with models of attention from cognitive science and neuroscience.

scholarly journals Bayesian Spatial Modelling of Early Childhood Development in Australian Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu Li ◽  
Bernard Baffour ◽  
Alice Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Children’s early development plays a vital role for maintaining healthy lives and influences future outcomes. It is also heavily affected by community factors which vary geographically. Direct methods do not provide a comprehensive picture of this variation, especially for areas with sparse populations and low data coverage. In the context of Australia, the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) provides a measure of early child development upon school entry. There are two primary aims of this study: (i) provide improved prevalence estimates of children who are considered as developmentally vulnerable in regions across Australia; (ii) ascertain how social-economic disadvantage partly explains the spatial variation. Methods The study included 308,953 children involved in the AEDC 2018 where 21.7% of them were considered to be developmentally vulnerable in at least one domain. We used Bayesian spatial hierarchical models with the Socio-economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) as a covariate for to provide improved prevalence estimates of all 335 SA3 regions in Australia. Results Our results reveal that there is an important geographical dimension to developmental vulnerability in Australia. In addition, there are significant improvements in estimation of the prevalence of developmental vulnerability through incorporating the socio-economic disadvantage in an area. These improvements persist in all five domains – the largest improvements occurred in the Language and Cognitive Skills domain, Conclusion There are a number of sparsely populated areas where direct estimation leads to unreliable estimates of the relatively small prevalence of child vulnerability. Bayesian spatial modelling can account for the spatial patterns in childhood vulnerability while including the impact of socio-economic disadvantage on geographic variation. Further investigation, using a broader range of covariates, could shed more light on explaining this spatial variation.

A voxel-by-voxel parametric fMRI study of motor mental rotation: hemispheric specialization and gender differences in neural processing efficiency

2008 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peka S. Christova ◽  
Scott M. Lewis ◽  
Georgios A. Tagaris ◽  
Kâmil Uğurbil ◽  
Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Bayesian spatial modelling of early childhood development in Australian regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu Li ◽  
Bernard Baffour ◽  
Alice Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Children’s early development plays a vital role for maintaining healthy lives and influences future outcomes. It is also heavily affected by community factors which vary geographically. Direct methods do not provide a comprehensive picture of this variation, especially for areas with sparse populations and low data coverage. In the context of Australia, the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) provides a measure of early child development upon school entry. There are two primary aims of this study: (i) provide improved prevalence estimates of children who are considered as developmentally vulnerable in regions across Australia; (ii) ascertain how social-economic disadvantage partly explains the spatial variation. Methods We used Bayesian spatial hierarchical models with the Socio-economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) as a covariate to provide improved estimates of all 335 SA3 regions in Australia. The study included 308,953 children involved in the 2018 AEDC where 21.7% of them were considered to be developmentally vulnerable in at least one domain. There are five domains of developmental vulnerability—physical health and wellbeing; social competence; emotional maturity; language and cognitive skills; and communication and general knowledge. Results There are significant improvements in estimation of the prevalence of developmental vulnerability through incorporating the socio-economic disadvantage in an area. These improvements persist in all five domains—the largest improvements occurred in the Language and Cognitive Skills domain. In addition, our results reveal that there is an important geographical dimension to developmental vulnerability in Australia. Conclusion Sparsely populated areas in sample surveys lead to unreliable direct estimates of the relatively small prevalence of child vulnerability. Bayesian spatial modelling can account for the spatial patterns in childhood vulnerability while including the impact of socio-economic disadvantage on geographic variation. Further investigation, using a broader range of covariates, could shed more light on explaining this spatial variation.

Early development of emerging and English-proficient bilingual children at school entry in an Australian population cohort

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Goldfeld ◽  
Meredith O’Connor ◽  
Johanna Mithen ◽  
Mary Sayers ◽  
Sally Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Early Developmental

Children who enter school with limited proficiency in the language of instruction face a range of challenges in negotiating this new context, yet limited data have been available to describe the early developmental outcomes of this subpopulation in the Australian context. The Australian Early Development Index (AEDI) is a teacher-rated checklist that measures five important domains of child development: physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, and communication skills and general knowledge. In 2009, the AEDI was completed for 97.5% of Australian children in their first year of schooling ( N = 261,147; M = 5 years, 7 months of age), providing a unique opportunity to explore the cross-sectional associations between language background, proficiency in English, and early developmental outcomes at the population-level. Logistic regression analyses revealed that, compared to their peers from English-speaking backgrounds, bilingual children who were not yet proficient in English had substantially higher odds of being in the “vulnerable” range (bottom 10th percentile) on the AEDI domains ( OR = 2.88, p < .001, to OR = 7.49, p < .001), whereas English-proficient bilingual children had equal or slightly lower odds ( OR = .84, p < .001, to OR = .97, ns). Future research with longitudinal data is now needed to establish causal pathways and explore long term outcomes.

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