scholarly journals Fumonisin Production by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Genotypes Cultivated in Different Environments

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oelton Ferreira Rosa Junior ◽  
Mateus Sunti Dalcin ◽  
Vitor L. Nascimento ◽  
Fernando Machado Haesbaert ◽  
Talita Pereira de Souza Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Spray Inoculation ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
High Concentrations

Fumonisins are mycotoxins (MTs) produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, the main pathogens of maize which cause ear rot. The aim of this work was to evaluate some factors that may lead to high fumonisin production by F. verticillioides in maize grains, correlating the pathogen inoculation method with different genotypes grown in four Brazilian states. Experiments were conducted in 2015–2016 in maize crops from experimental maize fields located in four distinct states of Brazil. Results showed that contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins occurred even on symptomatic or asymptomatic grains. In all municipalities, the samples showed levels of fumonisin B1 that were higher than would be tolerable for the human consumption of corn products (the current tolerance limit for fumonisin is 1.5 μg g−1). High severity of grains infected with F. verticillioides does not always show high concentrations of fumonisins. Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production of high concentrations of fumonisin in maize hybrids. Spray inoculation methods and inoculation at the center of spikes did not influence fumonisin concentrations. Results showed that the hybrids P3630H, P32R48 and P3250 presented higher disease severity, as well as higher mycotoxin levels in the studied locations with higher temperatures.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fumonisin Concentrations in Kernels of Transgenic Bt Maize Hybrids and Nontransgenic Hybrids

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P. Munkvold ◽  
Richard L. Hellmich ◽  
Larry G. Rice
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Maize Hybrids

Maize hybrids genetically engineered with genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) express CryIA(b) and other Cry proteins that are toxic to certain insects, particularly the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Maize kernel feeding by O. nubilalis often leads to infection by fungi in the genus Fusarium, including the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. In field experiments in 1995, 1996, and 1997, transgenic maize hybrids and near-isogenic, nontransgenic hybrids were manually infested with neonatal European corn borer larvae. Manual infestation increased Fusarium ear rot severity and fumonisin concentrations in kernels of nontransgenic hybrids. Transgenic hybrids with kernel expression of CryIA(b) consistently experienced less insect feeding on kernels and less Fusarium ear rot than their nontransgenic counterparts. In manually infested treatments, these hybrids also exhibited lower concentrations of fumonisins in kernels compared with their nontransgenic counterparts. In manually infested treatments in 1995, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations were 8.8 μg/g in the nontransgenic hybrid and 6.7 or 3.0 μg/g in transgenic hybrids. In 1996, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations in manually infested treatments were 4.9 μg/g (range 2.3 to 8.8) for nontransgenic and 1.2 μg/g (range 1.0 to 1.3) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. Mean total fumonisin concentrations (fumonisin B1 + B2 + B3) were 7.0 μg/g (range 3.0 to 12.2) for nontransgenic and 1.7 μg/g (range 1.5 to 1.9) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. In 1997, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations in manually infested treatments were 11.8 μg/g (range 7.6 to 17.3) for nontransgenic and 1.3 μg/g (range 0.8 to 2.2) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression of CryIA(b) or Cry9C. Mean total fumonisin concentrations were 16.5 μg/g (range 10.7 to 24.0) for nontransgenic and 2.1 μg/g (range 1.5 to 3.1) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. Transgenic hybrids that do not express CryIA(b) or Cry9C in kernels did not consistently have fumonisin concentrations different from the nontransgenic hybrids. Higher fumonisin concentrations in nontransgenic hybrids were associated with high European corn borer populations during the early reproductive stages of the maize plants. These results indicate that under some conditions, genetic engineering of maize for insect resistance may enhance its safety for animal and human consumption.

Fumonisin Production in Corn by Toxigenic Strains of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES W. BACON ◽  
PAUL E. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

The fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg produce a series of toxins on corn which include the fumonisins of which fumonisin B1 and B2 are considered to have cancer promoting activity. Both fungi produce similar ratios of the fumonisins B1 to B2. Other mycotoxins produced include moniliformin, fusarin C and fusaric acid. Fumonisin B1 has been shown to be responsible for most of the toxicological affects observed from ingesting corn infected by toxigenic isolates of these fungi. The distribution of the two fungi is generally similar, although F. proliferatum is isolated more frequently from sorghum than corn. They occur worldwide on other food crops, such as rice, sorghum, millet, several fruits and vegetables. Both fungi are ear rot pathogens of corn, thus, mycotoxin production occurs under field conditions, although it also may occur in storage. One or both fungi may have a frequency of occurrence of 90% or higher in corn; 90% of the F. moniliforme isolates produce the fumonisins. On corn and corn products the range of concentrations reported is 0.3 to 330 μg/g of corn-based product. These concentrations include both corn-based animal feed and human foods.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Food-Grade Dent Corn Hybrids for Severity of Fusarium Ear Rot and Fumonisin Accumulation in Grain

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Kleinschmidt ◽  
M. J. Clements ◽  
C. M. Maragos ◽  
J. K. Pataky ◽  
D. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Inoculation Technique ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
High Concentrations

Fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (syn = F. moniliforme) and F. proliferatum have been associated with potentially serious toxicoses of animals and humans. Thus, hybrids with low fumonisin accumulation in grain will be valuable for the production of corn-based human food products. We evaluated 68 food-grade dent corn hybrids for severity of Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation in grain in inoculated trials in Urbana, IL in 2000 and 2001. Our inoculation technique was successful in initiating fumonisin accumulation that allowed discrimination among hybrids. We identified several hybrids that could have acceptable levels (<4 μg/g) of fumonisin accumulation in Illinois in most years. Twenty-six hybrids with low or high fumonisin accumulation in 2000 were reevaluated in noninoculated trials at three locations in Illinois in 2001. Fumonisin concentration in grain at all three locations was relatively low; thus, separation of hybrids was poor. At two locations, those hybrids with the highest fumonisin concentration in grain also had high concentrations following inoculation. However, one hybrid that had relatively low fumonisin concentration following inoculation had unacceptable levels of fumonisin (5 μg/g) in natural conditions. Therefore, hybrids need to be evaluated by inoculation and further evaluated at locations where the environment favors fumonisin accumulation.

scholarly journals Different salicylic and jasmonic acids imbalances are involved in the oxidative stress-mediated cell death, induced by fumonisin B1 in maize seedlings with contrasting resistance to Fusarium verticillioides ear rot in the field

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago N. Otaiza-González ◽  
Verónica S. Mary ◽  
Silvina L. Arias ◽  
Lidwina Bertrand ◽  
Pilar A. Velez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Biomarker Response

ABSTRACTBackground and aimFungal and plant secondary metabolites modulate the plant-pathogen interactions. However, the participation of fumonisins in the Fusarium verticillioides-maize pathosystem is unclear. In this work was studied the cell death, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) - phytohormone imbalance interplay underlying the phytotoxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize germplasms with contrasting resistance to Fusarium ear rot in the field.MethodsResistant (RH) and susceptible hybrid (SH) maize seedlings, grown from uninoculated seeds irrigated with FB1 (1 and 20 ppm), were harvested at 7, 14 and 21 days after planting, and were examined for electrolyte leakage (aerial parts); and for oxidative stress biomarkers (aerial parts and roots). The phytohormone (salicylic and jasmonic acids) imbalance interplay underlying the FB1-induced cell death were further explored in seedlings exposed 24 h to the mycotoxin (1 ppm) in hydroponics.ResultsCell death increased in RH and SH watered with 1 and 20 ppm of mycotoxin, respectively. Both toxin concentrations were pro-oxidant, and the major perturbations were found in roots. An Integrated Biomarker Response index was calculated suggesting that phytotoxicity occurs in a redox context more efficiently controlled by RH.ConclusionThe pre-treatment with the antioxidant ascorbic acid led to the conclusion that cell death in RH was related to a salicylic acid increase mediated by ROS. Nevertheless, FB1 induced two different phytohormonal regulatory mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress in both maize hybrids.

Variation in pathogenicity of Fusarium verticillioides and resistance of maize genotypes to Fusarium ear rot

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 939-950
Author(s):  
Olumayowa Mary Olowe ◽  
Ayodele Adegboyega Sobowale ◽  
Odunayo Joseph Olawuyi ◽  
Adegboyega Christopher Odebode
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Genotypes

scholarly journals Worldwide Survey of Fumonisin Contamination of Corn and Corn-Based Products

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon S Shephard ◽  
Pieter G Thiel ◽  
Sonja Stockenström ◽  
Eric W Sydenham
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Corn Products ◽  
Varied Diet ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Dietary Toxins

Abstract As part of a comprehensive risk assessment study for fumonisins, reliable data on exposure of populations to these dietary toxins must be obtained. To assess the extent of worldwide exposure, the published literature on the contamination of food and feed supplies has been reviewed and supplemented with unpublished material from various international sources. Fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products occurs in many countries. Animal mycotoxicoses such as equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema are caused by heavily contaminated animal feeds. For example, as much as 330 μg/g fumonisin B1 (FB1) has been found in swine feed. Although commercially available refined corn products for human consumption are generally contaminated at levels below 1 μg/g FB1, individual products in certain countries can reach far higher levels. Health risks associated with consumption of these products depend on the extent to which they are consumed in a varied diet. Home-grown corn in certain rural areas, where it also constitutes the staple diet, can be contaminated at &gt;100 μg/g. Consumption of corn contaminated at these high levels has: been associated with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in these areas.

scholarly journals The influence of Fusarium ear infection on the maize yield and mycotoxin content (Transylvania-Romania)

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Nagy ◽  
V. Haş ◽  
I. Haş ◽  
A. Suciu ◽  
V. Florian
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Ear Infection ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Rot Disease

The influence of Fusarium ear infection on the maize yield and mycotoxin content (Transylvania-Romania) Maize is the host for a large number of pathogens, which invade all of its organs from the germination until being harvest, ear and grain infection often persistent even during storage. Diseases, through their symptoms reduce significantly the quantity and the quality of yield, estimated between 7-17% but, in the favorable years for this disease, they can be much greater. Fusarium diseases reduce yield value and quality by massive accumulation of Fusarium mycelium biomass (about 85%) on grain and ears and by mycotoxin contamination such as deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins (FUM). In this paper are presented aspects regarding the reaction of some maize hybrids under Fusarium spp. natural and artificial infections; the effect of Fusarium ear infection on yield, grain chemical composition, and mycotoxin content; the correlation between ear rot disease degree and yield ability, starch, protein and fat content. ANOVA evidenced the significant influence of experimental factors: infection conditions with Fusarium spp., maize genotypes, and their interaction on expression of the disease degree, yield capacity, protein, starch, fat and DON content. Average yield losses ranged between 7,0-9,3% during the experimental period. The hybrids Turda Star and Turda Favorit were more resistant to Fusarium ear rot, and Turda 165 was the most susceptible one. The artificial infection of ear with Fusarium spp. determined significantly decrease of starch and fat content and increases the protein and DON content for the most part of maize hybrids. Between rot diseased kernels and DON content a positive correlation was determined.

Fungal mycoflora and contamination of maize from Vietnam with aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Trung ◽  
C. Tabuc ◽  
S. Bailly ◽  
A. Querin ◽  
P. Guerre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Animal Consumption

Twenty five samples of maize intended for human or animal consumption coming from North, Central and South Vietnam were analysed for fungal contamination and for the presence of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. The total fungal load was found to be greater in maize intended for animal feed than for human consumption with average levels of 4x106 and 7x105 CFU/g, respectively. Identification of fungal strains revealed that Aspergillus was the most frequent genus, found in all maize samples whatever their intended use or their geographic origin. Among the Aspergillus species, A. flavus was the most frequent contaminant, observed in more than 90% of the samples. Other fungal strains found in the Vietnamese maize samples belonged to Penicillium species, Fusarium verticillioides and to the Mucorales, and were found in up to 53, 33 and 23% of the samples, respectively. All samples were tested for both aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 17 samples (68%). Five of these samples showed aflatoxin B1 levels below 10 µg/kg, ten samples were found to be contaminated in a range of 11.3 to 47.2 µg/kg, and 2 samples showed contamination levels of 98.4 and 126.5 µg/kg, respectively. The maize samples for human consumption were found frequently contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (77%), but the level of contamination was lower than those for animal consumption. Fumonisin B1 contamination was found in 8 out of 25 samples (32%). Detected amounts of fumonisin B1 ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Functional genomic analysis of constitutive and inducible defense responses to Fusarium verticillioides infection in maize genotypes with contrasting ear rot resistance

BMC Genomics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Lanubile ◽  
Alberto Ferrarini ◽  
Valentina Maschietto ◽  
Massimo Delledonne ◽  
Adriano Marocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Inducible Defense ◽  
Functional Genomic ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Functional Genomic Analysis ◽  
Maize Genotypes

scholarly journals Bioguided Isolation, Characterization, and Biotransformation by Fusarium verticillioides of Maize Kernel Compounds That Inhibit Fumonisin Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1148-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vessela Atanasova-Penichon ◽  
Stéphane Bernillon ◽  
Gisèle Marchegay ◽  
Aurélia Lornac ◽  
Laetitia Pinson-Gadais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Maize Genotype ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Susceptible Group

Fusarium verticillioides infects maize ears, causing ear rot disease and contamination of grain with fumonisin mycotoxins. This contamination can be reduced by the presence of bioactive compounds in kernels that are able to inhibit fumonisin biosynthesis. To identify such compounds, we used kernels from a maize genotype with moderate susceptibility to F. verticillioides, harvested at the milk-dough stage (i.e., when fumonisin production initiates in planta), and applied a bioguided fractionation approach. Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant compound in the purified active fraction and its contribution to fumonisin inhibitory activity was up to 70%. Moreover, using a set of maize genotypes with different levels of susceptibility, chlorogenic acid was shown to be significantly higher in immature kernels of the moderately susceptible group. Altogether, our data indicate that chlorogenic acid may considerably contribute to either maize resistance to Fusarium ear rot, fumonisin accumulation, or both. We further investigated the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of fumonisin production by chlorogenic acid and one of its hydrolyzed products, caffeic acid, by following their metabolic fate in supplemented F. verticillioides broths. Our data indicate that F. verticillioides was able to biotransform these phenolic compounds and that the resulting products can contribute to their inhibitory activity.

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