scholarly journals Degradation of Four Major Mycotoxins by Eight Manganese Peroxidases in Presence of a Dicarboxylic Acid

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Xing Qin ◽  
Zhenzhen Hao ◽  
Huiying Luo ◽  
Bin Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Manganese Peroxidase ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Mycotoxin Degradation ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Food And Feed

Enzymatic treatment is an attractive method for mycotoxin detoxification, which ideally prefers the use of one or a few enzymes. However, this is challenged by the diverse structures and co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in food and feed. Lignin-degrading fungi have been discovered to detoxify organics including mycotoxins. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is a major enzyme responsible for lignin oxidative depolymerization in such fungi. Here, we demonstrate that eight MnPs from different lignocellulose-degrading fungi (five from Irpex lacteus, one from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, one from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and another from Nematoloma frowardii) could all degrade four major mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, AFB1; zearalenone, ZEN; deoxynivalenol, DON; fumonisin B1, FB1) only in the presence of a dicarboxylic acid malonate, in which free radicals play an important role. The I. lacteus and C. subvermispora MnPs behaved similarly in mycotoxins transformation, outperforming the P. chrysosporium and N. frowardii MnPs. The large evolutionary diversity of these MnPs suggests that mycotoxin degradation tends to be a common feature shared by MnPs. MnP can, therefore, serve as a candidate enzyme for the degradation of multiple mycotoxins in food and feed if careful surveillance of the residual toxicity of degradation products is properly carried out.

scholarly journals Efficient Degradation of Zearalenone by Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus Combining Catalytic Properties of Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Xing Qin ◽  
Yanzhe Xin ◽  
Xiaoyun Su ◽  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Yaru Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Peroxidase ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Veratryl Alcohol ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Anthraquinone Dye ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Encoding Gene

Ligninolytic enzymes, including laccase, manganese peroxidase, and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP), have attracted much attention in the degradation of mycotoxins. Among these enzymes, the possible degradation pathway of mycotoxins catalyzed by DyP is not yet clear. Herein, a DyP-encoding gene, StDyP, from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus 41291 was identified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21/pG-Tf2. The recombinant StDyP was capable of catalyzing the oxidation of the peroxidase substrate 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), phenolic lignin compounds 2,6-dimethylphenol, and guaiacol, non-phenolic lignin compound veratryl alcohol, Mn2+, as well as anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19. Moreover, StDyP was able to slightly degrade zearalenone (ZEN). Most importantly, we found that StDyP combined the catalytic properties of manganese peroxidase and laccase, and could significantly accelerate the enzymatic degradation of ZEN in the presence of their corresponding substrates Mn2+ and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Furthermore, the biological toxicities of the main degradation products 15-OH-ZEN and 13-OH-ZEN-quinone might be remarkably removed. These findings suggested that DyP might be a promising candidate for the efficient degradation of mycotoxins in food and feed.

scholarly journals Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Kamila Šrédlová ◽  
Kateřina Šírová ◽  
Tatiana Stella ◽  
Tomáš Cajthaml
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽  
Ligninolytic Fungi ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pcb Metabolites

Metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—hydroxylated PCBs (OH‑PCBs), chlorobenzyl alcohols (CB‑OHs), and chlorobenzaldehydes (CB‑CHOs)—were incubated in vitro with the extracellular liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus, which contains mainly laccase and low manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) activity. The enzymes were able to decrease the amount of most of the tested OH‑PCBs by > 80% within 1 h; the removal of more recalcitrant OH‑PCBs was greatly enhanced by the addition of the laccase mediator syringaldehyde. Conversely, glutathione substantially hindered the reaction, suggesting that it acted as a laccase inhibitor. Hydroxylated dibenzofuran and chlorobenzoic acid were identified as transformation products of OH‑PCBs. The extracellular enzymes also oxidized the CB‑OHs to the corresponding CB‑CHOs on the order of hours to days; however, the mediated and nonmediated setups exhibited only slight differences, and the participating enzymes could not be determined. When CB‑CHOs were used as the substrates, only partial transformation was observed. In an additional experiment, the extracellular liquid of Irpex lacteus, which contains predominantly MnP, was able to efficiently transform CB‑CHOs with the aid of glutathione; mono‑ and di-chloroacetophenones were detected as transformation products. These results demonstrate that extracellular enzymes of ligninolytic fungi can act on a wide range of PCB metabolites, emphasizing their potential for bioremediation.

Mechanism of Fumonisin Toxicity and Carcinogenesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 638-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALD T. RILEY ◽  
KENNETH A. VOSS ◽  
HWAN -SOO YOO ◽  
WENTZEL C.A. GELDERBLOM ◽  
ALFRED H. MERRILL
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Hepatocyte Proliferation ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Sphingoid Base ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Animal Diseases

What are the molecular events that fumonisin-induced porcine pulmonary edema syndrome and equine leucoencephalomalacia have in common? Do these animal diseases relate mechanistically to fumonisin toxicity in laboratory rats? There is considerable data indicating that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism plays an important early role in all of these diseases. In vitro studies have revealed that fumonisins and structurally related Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici-toxin (AAL-toxin) are potent inhibitors of the enzyme sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyl transferase (ceramide synthase). Soon after cultured cells or animals are exposed to fumonisins there is a dramatic increase in the free sphingoid base, sphinganine, in tissues, serum and/or urine. Also, free sphingosine concentration increases, complex sphingolipid concentration decreases, and sphingoid base degradation products and other lipid products also increase. It is hypothesized that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early molecular event in the onset and progression of cell injury and the diseases associated with consumption of fumonisins. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the diseases will not be easily revealed since the role of sphingolipids in cellular regulation is very complex and not yet fully understood. While fumonisin B1 is non-genotoxic it is a complete carcinogen in rat liver. Recent studies indicate that fumonisins inhibit hepatocyte proliferation in rat liver. It has been hypothesized that hepatotoxicity and effects on hepatocyte proliferation are critical determinants for fumonisin B1 cancer initiation and promotion. Alternatively, recent studies have found that fumonisin B1 has mitogenic activity in cultured fibroblasts. It is conceivable that the mitogenic, cytostatic and cytotoxic potential of fumonisin may all contribute to the animal diseases including liver cancer in rats.

scholarly journals Qualifying the T-2 Toxin-Degrading Properties of Seven Microbes with Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection Method

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Edina Garai ◽  
Anita Risa ◽  
Emese Varga ◽  
Mátyás Cserháti ◽  
Balázs Kriszt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rhodococcus Erythropolis ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Bacterial Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Degradation

T-2 mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency of seven bacterial strains were investigated with zebrafish microinjection method in three steps ((1) determination of mycotoxin toxicity baseline, (2) examination of bacterial metabolites toxicity, (3) identification of degradation products toxicity). Toxicity of T-2 was used as a baseline of toxic effects, bacterial metabolites of strains as control of bacterial toxicity and degradation products of toxin as control of biodegradation were injected into one-cell stage embryos in the same experiment. The results of in vivo tests were checked and supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of T-2 concentration of samples. Results showed that the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was the only one of the seven tested (R. gordoniae AK38, R. ruber N361, R. coprophilus N774, R. rhodochrous NI2, R. globerulus N58, Gordonia paraffinivorans NZS14), which was appropriated to criteria all aspects (bacterial and degradation metabolites of strains caused lower toxicity effects than T-2, and strains were able to degrade T-2 mycotoxin). Bacterial and degradation metabolites of the NI1 strain caused slight lethal and sublethal effects on zebrafish embryos at 72- and 120-h postinjection. Results demonstrated that the three-step zebrafish microinjection method is well-suited to the determination and classification of different bacterial strains by their mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency.

scholarly journals Functionality changes of natural antioxidants during food processing and storage

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V) ◽  
pp. S80-S83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pokorný ◽  
Š. Schmidt ◽  
H. T T Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Phenolic Antioxidants ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage

Food raw materials and products contain inhibitors of oxidation reactions, both in the lipidic phase and the aqueous phase. The most important inhibitors are phenolic antioxidants. During food processing and storage, concentrations of antioxidants in the two phases reach an equilibrium. Phenolics react with lipidic free radicals, being converted into antioxidant free radicals, quinones, polymers and copolymers. Some degradation products possess an antioxidant activity, too. The relative antioxidant activity decreases with decreasing concentration of oxygen in the system and with increasing temperature. Antioxidants are more rapidly decomposed in surface layers. Health aspects of antioxidant degradation products are often neglected as the safety of antioxidant degradation products is mostly unknown.

Occurrence of Aflatoxins, Fumonisin B1, and Zearalenone in Foods and Feeds in Botswana

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1670-1673 ◽  
Author(s):  
BUPE A. SIAME ◽  
SISAI F. MPUCHANE ◽  
BERHANU A. GASHE ◽  
JOSEPH ALLOTEY ◽  
GETACHEW TEFFERA
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Imbrasia Belina ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
Mean Concentration

Sorghum and maize form the main dietary staple foods in Botswana. Other products such as peanuts, peanut butter, phane (an edible larval stage of an emperor moth Imbrasia belina Westwood), and pulses (cowpeas and beans) are also widely used as food and for the manufacture of feeds. These important food and feed commodities were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone. Aflatoxins were detected in 40% of the samples analyzed. The concentration of total aflatoxins ranged from 0.1 to 64 μg/kg. The mean concentration ranged from 0.3 μg/kg in sorghum to 23 μg/kg in peanut butter. Peanut butter samples were the most contaminated (71%). No aflatoxins were detected in maize. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 36% of the samples. Maize samples were the most contaminated (85% of the samples) with the concentration ranging from 20 to 1,270 μg/kg. No fumonisin B1 was detected in peanuts, phane, and beans. Zearalenone was only found in 2.6% of the samples analyzed at 40 μg/kg. Aflatoxins were the most common toxins detected in foods and feeds in Botswana. However, fumonisin B1 was more prevalent in maize than aflatoxins or zearalenone.

scholarly journals Fumonisin B1 Accumulates in Chicken Tissues over Time and This Accumulation Was Reduced by Feeding Algo-Clay

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Julia Laurain ◽  
Didier Tardieu ◽  
Maria Matard-Mann ◽  
Maria Angeles Rodriguez ◽  
Philippe Guerre
Keyword(s):  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Chicken Tissues ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Fumonisin B2 ◽  
Over Time

The toxicokinetics of the food and feed contaminant Fumonisin B (FB) are characterized by low oral absorption and rapid plasma elimination. For these reasons, FB is not considered to accumulate in animals. However, recent studies in chicken and turkey showed that, in these species, the hepatic half-elimination time of fumonisin B1 (FB1) was several days, suggesting that FB1 may accumulate in the body. For the present study, 21-day-old chickens received a non-toxic dose of around 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg of feed to investigate whether FB can accumulate in the body over time. Measurements taken after four and nine days of exposure revealed increased concentrations of sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) over time in the liver, but no sign of toxicity and no effect on performances were observed at this level of FB in feed. Measurements of FB in tissues showed that FB1 accumulated in chicken livers from four to nine days, with concentrations of 20.3 and 32.1 ng FB1/g observed, respectively, at these two exposure periods. Fumonisin B2 (FB2) also accumulated in the liver, from 0.79 ng/g at four days to 1.38 ng/g at nine days. Although the concentrations of FB found in the muscles was very low, an accumulation of FB1 over time was observed in this tissue, with concentrations of 0.036 and 0.072 ng FB1/g being measured after four and nine days of exposure, respectively. Feeding algo-clay to the chickens reduced the accumulation of FB1 in the liver and muscle by , approximately 40 and 50% on day nine, respectively. By contrast, only a weak non-significant effect was observed on day four. The decrease in the concentration of FB observed in tissues of chickens fed FB plus algo-clay on day nine was accompanied by a decrease in Sa and So contents in the liver compared to the levels of Sa and So measured in chickens fed FB alone. FB1 in the liver and Sa or So contents were correlated in liver tissue, confirming that both FB1 and Sa are suitable biomarkers of FB exposure in chickens. Further studies are necessary to determine whether FB can accumulate at higher levels in chicken tissues with an increase in the time of exposure and in the age of the animals.

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