scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Porcine Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected Piglets

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Shaoju Qian ◽  
Xiangchao Jia ◽  
Zitong Gao ◽  
Weida Zhang ◽  
Qingrong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Alignment ◽  
Transport Receptors

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and frequently death in piglets, causing serious economic losses to the pig industry. The strain CHN-JS-2017 was isolated and identified by cytopathology, immunofluorescence assays, transmission electron microscopy, and sequence analysis. A nucleotide sequence alignment showed that the whole genome of CHN-JS-2017 is 97.4%–99.6% identical to other PDCoV strains. The pathogenicity of the CHN-JS-2017 strain was investigated in orally inoculated five-day-old piglets; the piglets developed acute, watery diarrhea, but all recovered and survived. CHN-JS-2017 infection-induced microscopic lesions were observed, and viral antigens were detected mainly by immunohistochemical staining in the small intestine. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) are crucial immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors for the transcytosis ofimmunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, or IgM. Importantly, CHN-JS-2017 infected five-day-old piglets could significantly down-regulate the expression of FcRn, pIgR, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)in the intestinal mucosa. Note that the level of FcRn mRNA in the intestinal mucosa of normal piglets is positively correlated with pIgR and NF-κB. At the same time, the expressions of FcRn, pIgR, and NF-κB mRNA are also positively correlated in infected piglets. These results may help explain the immunological and pathological changes associated with porcine deltacorononirus infection.

scholarly journals Isolation and Metagenomic Identification of Avian Leukosis Virus Associated with Mortality in Broiler Chicken

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Faruku Bande ◽  
Siti Suri Arshad ◽  
Abdul Rahman Omar
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Homology ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Avian Leukosis Virus ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Homology Search ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viral Envelope Protein ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Transmission Electron

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) belongs to the family Retroviridae and causes considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Following an outbreak associated with high mortality in a broiler flock in northern part of Malaysia, kidney tissues from affected chickens were submitted for virus isolation and identification in chicken embryonated egg and MDCK cells. Evidence of virus growth was indicated by haemorrhage and embryo mortality in egg culture. While viral growth in cell culture was evidenced by the development of cytopathic effects. The isolated virus was purified by sucrose gradient and identified using negative staining transmission electron microscopy. Further confirmation was achieved through next-generation sequencing and nucleotide sequence homology search. Analysis of the viral sequences using the NCBI BLAST tool revealed 99-100% sequence homology with exogenous ALV viral envelope protein. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial envelope sequences showed the Malaysian isolate clustered with Taiwanese and Japanese ALV strains, which were closer to ALV subgroup J, ALV subgroup E, and recombinant A/E isolates. Based on these findings, ALV was concluded to be associated with the present outbreak. It was recommended that further studies should be conducted on the molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of the identified virus isolate.

Mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 in preventing ETEC‑induced diarrhea: Maintaining ileal integrity and eliminating inflammation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Kang ◽  
Qin Ai ◽  
Yanhong Zhou ◽  
Chunyang Zhu ◽  
Binghu Fang
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Complement C3 ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ginsenoside Rg1 ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) can cause severe watery diarrhea and rapid dehydration or death of newborn animals, resulting in significant economic losses of animal farms around the world. The endotoxin produced by ETEC usually causes inflammation and damage to the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, which leads to the destruction of intestinal homeostasis. To date, ETEC infections have been treated widely using drugs and antibiotics. Unfortunately, after high-dose or long-term antibiotic treatment, ETEC might develop drug or antibiotic resistance, and the animal products might also contain their residues. Therefore, the development of antibiotic substitutes has been explored widely by scholars. The main phytocomponent of Ginseng is ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1), which has shown anti‐inflammatory properties in animal models and cell lines.Methods: Mice were infected with ETEC after 14 days of treatment with different doses of GRg1, and the diarrhea index, ileal pathological changes, and inflammatory factors in plasma were compared. Changes to the proteins in the ileum were assessed using proteomics.Results: ETEC challenge not only increased the serum content of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), (P < 0.05), but also induced pathological changes in the ileum such as reduction of villus height, crypt depth (P < 0.05), and inflammatory cell infiltration. However, different doses of GRg1 treatment significantly reversed the above changes, with no significant dose dependence (P > 0.05). Proteomic analysis identified 55 differentially abundant proteins in the ileum of ETEC-infected mice treated with and without GRg1. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that these proteins were involved in 15 signaling pathways, particularly, the complement and coagulation cascade pathway and the platelet activation pathway. Western blotting identified that the key proteins complement C3, fibrinogen (Fg)A, FgB and FgG in these signaling pathways were significantly downregulated by GRg1 (P < 0.05), which was consistent with the proteomic analysis.Conclusion: GRg1 alleviates ETEC diarrhea in mice by eliminating the infection‑related inflammatory reaction and maintaining the integrity of intestinal mucosa.

Molecular Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Directly from the Nasal Swabs and Lung Tissue of Sheep and Goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Sunaina Thakur ◽  
Subhash Verma ◽  
Prasenjit Dhar ◽  
Mandeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Mycoplasma Spp

Respiratory infections of sheep and goats cause heavy morbidity and mortality, leading to huge economic losses. Conventional methods of diagnosis that include isolation and identification of incriminating microbes are time-consuming and fraught with logistic challenges. Direct detection of incriminating microbes using molecular tools is gaining popularity in clinical, microbiological settings. In this study, a total of 50 samples (44 nasal swabs and 6 lung tissues) from sheep and goats were screened for the detection of different bacterial species by in vitro amplification of genus or species-specific genes. Histophilus somni was detected in 2% goat samples, Trueperella pyogenes in 20% goat nasal swabs, whereas 22% goat nasal swab samples were found positive for Mycoplasma spp. None of the samples from sheep was detected positive for H. somni, T. pyogenes, Mycoplasma spp. Similarly, all samples, irrespective, whether from sheep or goats, showed negative results for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

237 Stable Performance with Reduced Antibiotic Use in Piglets Vaccinated with an E. coli F4/F18 Vaccine for the Prevention of F18-ETEC Post-weaning Diarrhea

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 139-140
Author(s):  
Frédéric A Vangroenweghe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Standard Group ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWD) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. PWD, caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), typically provokes mild to severe watery diarrhea between 5–10 days after weaning. Recently, an oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine (Coliprotec® F4/F18; Elanco) was approved on the European market, which reduces the impact of PWD provoked by F4-ETEC and F18-ETEC. The objective was to compare technical results and antibiotic use following E. coli F4/F18 vaccination with previous standard therapeutic approach under field conditions. A 1600-sow farm (weaning at 26 days) with diagnosed problems of PWD due to F18-ETEC was selected. Piglets were vaccinated at 21 days with the oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine. At weaning, no standard group medication (ZnO and antibiotics) was applied for prevention of PWD. Several performance parameters were collected: treatment incidence (TI100), mortality and days in nursery. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 14.0 – comparison of means. Oral E. coli F4/F18 vaccination significantly reduced TI100 (7 ± 2 days to 0 ± 1 days; P &lt; 0.05). Mortality rate remained stable (2.05% in Control to 1.96% in Vaccinated group; P &lt; 0.05). Days in nursery (40 ± 3 days) remained at the same level compared to pre-vaccination. The results show that live E. coli F4/F18 vaccination against PWD has led to similar technical performance parameters and mortality, in combination with a significant reduction in medication use. In conclusion, control of PWD through oral vaccination is a successful option in order to prevent piglets from the negative clinical outcomes of F18-ETEC infection during the post-weaning period.

scholarly journals Rifaximin as a Potential Treatment for IgA Nephropathy in a Humanized Mice Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Di Leo ◽  
Patrick J. Gleeson ◽  
Fabio Sallustio ◽  
Carine Bounaix ◽  
Jennifer Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Humanized Mice ◽  
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide, characterized by the mesangial deposition of abnormally glycosylated IgA1 (Gd-IgA). The production of Gd-IgA occurs in mucose-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The microbiota plays a role in MALT modulation. Rifaximin (NORMIX®), a non-absorbable oral antibiotic, induces positive modulation of the gut microbiota, favoring the growth of bacteria beneficial to the host. Here, we evaluate the effect of rifaximin on a humanized mice model of IgAN (α1KI-CD89Tg). Methods: The α1KI-CD89Tg mice were treated by the vehicle (olive oil) or rifaximin (NORMIX®). Serum levels of hIgA, hIgA1–sCD89, and mIgG–hIgA1 immune complexes were determined. Glomerular hIgA1 deposit and CD11b+ cells recruitment were revealed using confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the mRNA of the B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and Tumor Necrosing Factor-α (TNF-α) in gut samples were detected by qPCR. Results: Rifaximin treatment decreased the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, serum levels of hIgA1–sCD89 and mIgG–hIgA1 complexes, hIgA1 glomerular deposition, and CD11b+ cell infiltration. Moreover, rifaximin treatment decreased significantly BAFF, pIgR, and TNF-α mRNA expression. Conclusions: Rifaximin decreased the IgAN symptoms observed in α1KI-CD89Tg mice, suggesting a possible role for it in the treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals Ectodomains 3 and 4 of Human Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor (hpIgR) Mediate Invasion ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeinto the Epithelium

2003 ◽  
Vol 279 (8) ◽  
pp. 6296-6304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Elm ◽  
Ranveig Braathen ◽  
Simone Bergmann ◽  
Ronald Frank ◽  
Jean-Pierre Vaerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptor
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