Host Protective Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection
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Influenza viruses cause infectious respiratory disease characterized by fever, myalgia, and congestion, ranging in severity from mild to life-threating. Although enormous efforts have aimed to prevent and treat influenza infections, seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks remain a major public health concern. This is largely because influenza viruses rapidly undergo genetic mutations that restrict the long-lasting efficacy of vaccine-induced immune responses and therapeutic regimens. In this review, we discuss the virological features of influenza A viruses and provide an overview of current knowledge of the innate sensing of invading influenza viruses and the protective immune responses in the host.
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Keyword(s):
2014 ◽
Vol 58
(4)
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pp. 2045-2051
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Keyword(s):
2010 ◽
Vol 91
(8)
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pp. 1996-2001
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2020 ◽
2021 ◽