scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology and Characterization of Picobirnavirus in Wild Deer and Cattle from Australia: Evidence of Genogroup I and II in the Upper Respiratory Tract

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1492
Author(s):  
Jose L. Huaman ◽  
Carlo Pacioni ◽  
Subir Sarker ◽  
Mark Doyle ◽  
David M. Forsyth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Wild Deer

Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) have been detected in several species of animals worldwide; however, data pertaining to their presence in Australian wild and domestic animals are limited. Although PBVs are mostly found in faecal samples, their detection in blood and respiratory tract samples raises questions concerning their tropism and pathogenicity. We report here PBV detection in wild deer and cattle from southeastern Australia. Through metagenomics, the presence of PBV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in deer serum and plasma. Molecular epidemiology studies targeting the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene were performed in a wide range of specimens (serum, faeces, spleen, lung, nasal swabs, and trachea) collected from wild deer and cattle, with PCR amplification obtained in all specimen types except lung and spleen. Our results reveal the predominance of GI and concomitant detection of both genogroups in wild deer and cattle. In concordance with other studies, the detected GI sequences displayed high genetic diversity, however in contrast, GII sequences clustered into three distinct clades. Detection of both genogroups in the upper respiratory tract (trachea and nasal swab) of deer in the present study gives more evidence about the respiratory tract tropism of PBV. Although much remains unknown about the epidemiology and tropism of PBVs, our study suggests a wide distribution of these viruses in southeastern Australia.

scholarly journals Preventive and therapeutic role of nasal irrigation in management of acute respiratory disease during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
V. M. Svistushkin ◽  
Zh. T. Mokoyan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Nasal Irrigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nasal Saline Irrigation ◽  
Tract Infections

It has long been known, that nasal saline irrigation is a safe and effective method, which is routinely prescribed by otorhinolaryngologists to prevent and to treat a wide range of pathologies. There are a lot of publications on different irrigation techniques and methods. This literature review discusses the key parameters of nasal irrigation, including tonicity, pH, and the additional components, and explains how they affect the effectiveness of the procedure. The vast majority of available publications did not found any possible changes in the effectiveness of solutions with different pH close to neutral meaning. Whereas, the volume of the irrigated solution, increases the efficiency of the irrigation in direct proportion. Thus, the largest distribution area of the solute is noted when washing with a large volume of liquid. Nasal saline irrigation is an effective treatment option for patients with several acute and chronic diseases and for postoperative care after rhinosurgery. Moreover, nasal irrigation might be used as an effective non-specific method for prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Irrigation of the nasal cavity reduces the mucus viscosity and promotes its faster elimination, along with pathogens fixed in it. Additionally, irrigation with isotonic saline solutions increases the hydration of the underlying water base, which enhances the frequency of ciliary beat and reduces the concentration of local inflammatory mediators. COVID-19 pandemic situation due to lack of any specific antiviral drugs dictates the necessity of an effective non-specific preventive option, which could be introduced worldwide. The so-called full volume lavage of the nasal cavity allows for better cleaning of the nasal cavity and effective moisturizing of the mucous membrane. It is the timely cleansing and moisturizing that are most important for maintaining the normal activity of the local protective mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract.

The potential of neuraminidase as an antigen for nasal vaccines to increase cross-protection against influenza viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Kawai ◽  
Yasuyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Takuto Nogimori ◽  
Kohei Takeshita ◽  
Takuya Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Intranasal Immunization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heterologous Virus ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Despite the availability of vaccines that efficiently reduce the severity of clinical symptoms, influenza viruses still cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this regard, nasal influenza vaccines—because they induce virus-specific IgA—may be more effective than traditional parenteral formulations in preventing infection of the upper respiratory tract. In addition, the neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus has shown promise as a vaccine antigen to confer broad cross-protection, in contrast to hemagglutinin (HA), the target of most current vaccines, which undergoes frequent antigenic changes leading to vaccine ineffectiveness against mismatched heterologous strains. However, the usefulness of NA as an antigen for nasal vaccines is unclear. Here, we compared NA and HA as antigens for nasal vaccines in mice. Intranasal immunization with recombinant NA (rNA) plus adjuvant protected mice against not only homologous but also heterologous virus challenge in the upper respiratory tract, whereas intranasal immunization with rHA failed to protect against heterologous challenge. In addition, intranasal immunization with rNA, but not rHA, conferred cross-protection even in the absence of adjuvant in virus infection–experienced mice; this strong cross-protection was due to the broader binding capacity of NA-specific antibodies to heterologous virus. Furthermore, the NA-specific IgA in the upper respiratory tract that was induced through rNA intranasal immunization recognized more epitopes than did the NA-specific IgG and IgA in plasma, again increasing cross-protection. Together, our findings suggest the potential of NA as an antigen for nasal vaccines to provide broad cross-protection against both homologous and heterologous influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Because mismatch between vaccine strains and epidemic strains cannot always be avoided, the development of influenza vaccines that induce broad cross-protection against antigenically mismatched heterologous strains is needed. Although the importance of NA-specific antibodies to cross-protection in humans and experimental animals is becoming clear, the potential of NA as an antigen for providing cross-protection through nasal vaccines is unknown. We show here that intranasal immunization with NA confers broad cross-protection in the upper respiratory tract, where virus transmission is initiated, by inducing NA-specific IgA that recognizes a wide range of epitopes. These data shed new light on NA-based nasal vaccines as powerful anti-influenza tools that confer broad cross-protection.

scholarly journals Post Covid-19: Outbreak of Mucormycosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1999-2007
Author(s):  
Ajit Kawale
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Loss Of Hearing ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.

scholarly journals On the importance of the upper respiratory tract for the body

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1240-1250
Author(s):  
V. K. Trutnev
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Over the past decades, the problem of nasal breathing has attracted the attention of a wide range of researchers.

scholarly journals Infectious MERS-CoV Isolated From a Mildly Ill Patient, Saudi Arabia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hail M Al-Abdely ◽  
Claire M Midgley ◽  
Abdulrahim M Alkhamis ◽  
Glen R Abedi ◽  
Azaibi Tamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic or mildly ill to severe respiratory illness including death. We describe isolation of infectious MERS-CoV from the upper respiratory tract of a mildly ill 27-year-old female in Saudi Arabia 15 days after illness onset.

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