The potential of neuraminidase as an antigen for nasal vaccines to increase cross-protection against influenza viruses

Despite the availability of vaccines that efficiently reduce the severity of clinical symptoms, influenza viruses still cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this regard, nasal influenza vaccines—because they induce virus-specific IgA—may be more effective than traditional parenteral formulations in preventing infection of the upper respiratory tract. In addition, the neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus has shown promise as a vaccine antigen to confer broad cross-protection, in contrast to hemagglutinin (HA), the target of most current vaccines, which undergoes frequent antigenic changes leading to vaccine ineffectiveness against mismatched heterologous strains. However, the usefulness of NA as an antigen for nasal vaccines is unclear. Here, we compared NA and HA as antigens for nasal vaccines in mice. Intranasal immunization with recombinant NA (rNA) plus adjuvant protected mice against not only homologous but also heterologous virus challenge in the upper respiratory tract, whereas intranasal immunization with rHA failed to protect against heterologous challenge. In addition, intranasal immunization with rNA, but not rHA, conferred cross-protection even in the absence of adjuvant in virus infection–experienced mice; this strong cross-protection was due to the broader binding capacity of NA-specific antibodies to heterologous virus. Furthermore, the NA-specific IgA in the upper respiratory tract that was induced through rNA intranasal immunization recognized more epitopes than did the NA-specific IgG and IgA in plasma, again increasing cross-protection. Together, our findings suggest the potential of NA as an antigen for nasal vaccines to provide broad cross-protection against both homologous and heterologous influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Because mismatch between vaccine strains and epidemic strains cannot always be avoided, the development of influenza vaccines that induce broad cross-protection against antigenically mismatched heterologous strains is needed. Although the importance of NA-specific antibodies to cross-protection in humans and experimental animals is becoming clear, the potential of NA as an antigen for providing cross-protection through nasal vaccines is unknown. We show here that intranasal immunization with NA confers broad cross-protection in the upper respiratory tract, where virus transmission is initiated, by inducing NA-specific IgA that recognizes a wide range of epitopes. These data shed new light on NA-based nasal vaccines as powerful anti-influenza tools that confer broad cross-protection.

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Preventive and therapeutic role of nasal irrigation in management of acute respiratory disease during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-6-58-64 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 58-64

Author(s):

V. M. Svistushkin ◽

Zh. T. Mokoyan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Nasal Cavity ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Nasal Irrigation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Nasal Saline Irrigation ◽

Tract Infections

It has long been known, that nasal saline irrigation is a safe and effective method, which is routinely prescribed by otorhinolaryngologists to prevent and to treat a wide range of pathologies. There are a lot of publications on different irrigation techniques and methods. This literature review discusses the key parameters of nasal irrigation, including tonicity, pH, and the additional components, and explains how they affect the effectiveness of the procedure. The vast majority of available publications did not found any possible changes in the effectiveness of solutions with different pH close to neutral meaning. Whereas, the volume of the irrigated solution, increases the efficiency of the irrigation in direct proportion. Thus, the largest distribution area of the solute is noted when washing with a large volume of liquid. Nasal saline irrigation is an effective treatment option for patients with several acute and chronic diseases and for postoperative care after rhinosurgery. Moreover, nasal irrigation might be used as an effective non-specific method for prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Irrigation of the nasal cavity reduces the mucus viscosity and promotes its faster elimination, along with pathogens fixed in it. Additionally, irrigation with isotonic saline solutions increases the hydration of the underlying water base, which enhances the frequency of ciliary beat and reduces the concentration of local inflammatory mediators. COVID-19 pandemic situation due to lack of any specific antiviral drugs dictates the necessity of an effective non-specific preventive option, which could be introduced worldwide. The so-called full volume lavage of the nasal cavity allows for better cleaning of the nasal cavity and effective moisturizing of the mucous membrane. It is the timely cleansing and moisturizing that are most important for maintaining the normal activity of the local protective mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract.

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Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of North American H7 Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Turkeys

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11020163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ishita Roy Chowdhury ◽

Sai Yeddula ◽

Shin-Hee Kim

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Recent Emergence ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses can silently circulate in poultry and wild aquatic birds and potentially mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In the U.S., recent emergence and spread of H7N8 and H7N9 HPAI viruses not only caused devastating losses to domestic poultry but also underscored the capability of LPAI viruses to mutate into HPAI viruses. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N8 and H7N9 LPAI viruses (the progenitors of HPAI viruses) in chickens and turkeys. We also included H7N2 isolated from an outbreak of LPAI in commercial chickens. H7 viruses replicated more efficiently in the respiratory tract than in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that their replication is restricted to the upper respiratory tract. Specifically, H7N2 replicated most efficiently in two-week-old chickens and turkeys. In contrast, H7N8 replicated least efficiently in those birds. Further, replication of H7N2 and H7N9 was restricted in the upper respiratory tract of four-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and broiler chickens. Despite their restricted replication, the two viruses efficiently transmitted from infected to naïve birds by direct contact, leading to seroconversion of contacted chickens. Our findings suggest the importance of continuous monitoring and surveillance of LPAI viruses in the fields.

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Assessment of Postvaccine Immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in Patients with Asplenia, including an Analysis of Its Impact on Bacterial Flora of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Incidence of Infections

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/1691347 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alina Olender ◽

Katarzyna Małkińska ◽

Jacek Roliński ◽

Ewelina Grywalska ◽

Elżbieta Pels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Carrier State ◽

Control Group ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms

S. pneumoniae is a microorganism that may cause a serious threat in postsplenectomy patients due to a potentially invasive course of infection. In order to assess a protective activity after vaccination with the 23-valent vaccine, we made an analysis of the level of antibodies in patients with asplenia compared to a control group of healthy donors. Additionally, colonization by potentially pathogenic microorganisms of the upper respiratory tract was analyzed to determine the carrier state by strains with vaccine serotype. No such strains were found in the research, yet three non-vaccine-serotype strains were found. Colonization of the upper respiratory tract by potentially pathogenic microorganisms may be connected with increased susceptibility observed and incidence of infections in patients with asplenia. However, colonization by S. pneumoniae may not have an effect on the level of specific antibodies with the 23-valent vaccine against S. pneumoniae (PPV23) in postsplenectomy patients and healthy people. The response to vaccination against S. pneumoniae showed a lower level of specific antibodies in patients with splenectomy performed more than 2 years before the test than in patients with a recently removed spleen, i.e., from 1 month to 2 years before the test. Vaccination against pneumococci also has positive effects on incidence of other etiology infections, which is of high significance in the prophylaxis of infectious diseases in this group of patients.

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Titres of specific antibodies to poliovirus type 3 and tetanus toxoid in saliva and serum of children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.012001042.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 42-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fabio Cardinale ◽

Vita Gentile ◽

Luigia Brunetti ◽

Lars Åke Hanson ◽

Lucio Armenio

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Tetanus Toxoid ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Type 3

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Prevention and Treatment of Influenza, Influenza-Like Illness, and Common Cold by Herbal, Complementary, and Natural Therapies

Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1177/2156587216641831 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 166-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Haider Abdul-Lateef Mousa

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Carnosic Acid ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

H5n1 Influenza ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

In recent years viral respiratory tract infections, especially influenza viruses, have had a major impact on communities worldwide as a result of unavailability of effective treatment or vaccine. The frequent alterations in the antigenic structures of respiratory viruses, particularly for RNA viruses, pose difficulties in production of effective vaccines. The unavailability of optimal medication and shortage of effective vaccines suggests the requirement for alternative natural therapies. Several herbal remedies were used for prevention and treatment viral respiratory illnesses. Among those that were found effective included maoto, licorice roots, antiwei, North American ginseng, berries, Echinacea, plants extracted carnosic acid, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao. There is scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of several complementary therapies for colds. Oral zinc may reduce the length and severity of a cold. Taking vitamin C supplements on a regular basis only slightly reduces the length and severity of colds. Probiotics were found better than placebo in reducing the number episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, the rate of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infection and reducing antibiotic use. Alkaline diets or drinks might have antiviral properties as in vitro studies demonstrated inactivation effect of alkaline medium on respiratory virus. Earthing might have a natural anti-inflammatory effect for human body. It is now accepted that an overwhelming inflammatory response is the cause of human deaths from avian H5N1 influenza infection. Earthing accelerates immune response following vaccination, as demonstrated by increases of gamma globulin concentration. No in vivo or clinical studies were found that investigate the role of alkalization or earthing on respiratory viral infections. Thus, future studies are recommended to reveal any potential curative effects.

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Case Report: Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in the Presence of High Levels of Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Antibody Responses

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.704719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Bianca Schulte ◽

Benjamin Marx ◽

Marek Korencak ◽

Dorian Emmert ◽

Souhaib Aldabbagh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Household Members ◽

Upper Respiratory

We present a case of SARS-CoV-2 B.1. 525 infection in a healthcare worker despite the presence of highly neutralizing, multivariant-specific antibodies 7 weeks after full vaccination with the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. We show that the virus replicated to high levels in the upper respiratory tract over the course of several days in the presence of strong antibody responses. The virus was readily propagatable in vitro, demonstrating the potential to transmit to others, bolstered by the fact that several household members were equally infected. This highlights the importance of protective measures even in vaccinated individuals.

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Comparison of two nested PCR, cell culture, and antigen detection for the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections due to influenza viruses

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199910)59:2<215::aid-jmv15>3.0.co;2-j ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 215-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Cl�mence Magnard ◽

Martine Valette ◽

Mich�le Aymard ◽

Bruno Lina

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Antigen Detection ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNOVAC VP-4 FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN FREQUENTLY AND LONG-TERM ILL CHILDREN

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology ◽

10.36233/0372-9311-2019-1-104-110 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 104-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. P. Foshina ◽

T. A. Serova ◽

I. B. Bisheva ◽

O. V. Slatinova

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Immunological Parameters ◽

Local Synthesis ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Mucous Membranes ◽

Nasal Secretions ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

High Level

Aim.To study the level of specific antibodies of different isotypes to the antigens of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella рneumoniae in the serum, saliva and nazal secret and the concentration of IgA,sIgA,IgG in saliva from frequently and long-term ill children in nasal-oral administration of Immunovac VP-4.Materials and methods.Specific antibodies to S. aureus and K.pneumoniae, contained in saliva, nasal, and serum were determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay. Concentrations of immunoglobulins of classes G, A and sА in saliva were determined by radial immunodiffusion using a commercial kit produced by the NPC «Medical immunology».Results. The high level of specific antibodies contained in the serum and nasal secretions, the level of antibodies in saliva is negligible. The serum is dominated by IgG-isotype antibodies, saliva and nasal secret — antibodies of IgA-isotope. After the introduction of Immunovac VP-4 there was a statistically significant increase in the level of specific antibacterial antibodies in serum, saliva and nasal secret, and increasing levels of IgG and sIgA in saliva.Conclusion. Obtained data demonstratet that the nasal-oral scheme of administration of Immunovac VP-4 frequently and long-term ill children allowed to increase the level of specific antibodies in serum, saliva and nasal secret to bacterial antigens that are part of the vaccine and to normalize the local synthesis of IgG and sIgA, which play a major role in the protection of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

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Post Covid-19: Outbreak of Mucormycosis

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.35392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (VI) ◽

pp. 1999-2007

Author(s):

Ajit Kawale

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽

Clinical Recovery ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Wide Range ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Loss Of Hearing ◽

Transmission Of Disease

The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.

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