scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Child Restraint Systems Safety Parameters in Relation to the New Regulation No. 129 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE)

Vehicles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
Artur Muszyński ◽  
Jakub Łuszczek ◽  
Rafał Szymaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Booster Seats ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Un Ece

This study presents a comparison of the common Child Restraint Systems (CRS) which reduces the value of dynamic loads affecting the child’s body during car accidents. The analyzed systems were: child seats, booster seats, and straps—adjustable vehicle seat belts adapted to children’s stature. The effectiveness of the analyzed devices was assessed on the basis of experimental tests carried out in the accredited laboratory approving the Child Restraint Systems. The tests were carried out in accordance with the new Regulation No. 129 UN/ECE. The authors examined whether the tested devices meet the guidelines of the new Regulations No. 129 despite approval in accordance with Regulation No. 44. Based on the research results, better safety parameters of some new solutions dedicated to children’s safety could be observed. Almost all the selected CRS met requirements stated in Regulation No. 129. The only exception was for abdominal pressure in one of the tested devices. Head Resultant Acceleration in tested devices was 14.7–39.0% less than the limit determined in Regulation No. 129 whereas Chest Resultant Acceleration was 17.4–37.6% less. Abdominal pressure was 46.4–81.4% beneath the limit (apart from one case which did not meet the requirements). The HPC parameter (Head Performance Criterion) was 45.4–74.5% less. The final results show that there are still some possibilities for improving the safety of young vehicle passengers.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Child Restraint Systems Safety Parameters in Relation to the New Regulation No. 129 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN / ECE)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Muszyński ◽  
Jakub Łuszczek ◽  
Rafał Szymaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Booster Seats ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Vehicle Seat ◽  
Un Ece

The study presents a comparison of the common Child Restraint Systems (CRS) which reduces the value of dynamic loads affecting the child's body during car accidents. The analyzed systems were: child seats, Combi Booster Seats, and straps adjusting vehicle seat belts to children's sizes. The effectiveness of the analyzed devices was assessed on the basis of experimental tests carried out in the accredited laboratory approving the Child Restraint Systems. The tests were carried out accordingly to the new Regulation No. 129 UN / ECE. Whether the tested devices meet the guidelines of the new Regulations No. 129 despite approval in accordance with Regulation No. 44. Based on the research result, better safety parameters of some new solutions dedicated to children’s safety could be observed. The final results show that there is still space for improving the safety of young vehicle passengers.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Child Restraint Systems Safety Parameters in Relation to the New Regulation No. 129 Of the Economic Commission for Europe Of the United Nations (UN / ECE)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Muszyński ◽  
Jakub Łuszczek ◽  
Rafał Szymaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Booster Seats ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Vehicle Seat ◽  
Un Ece

The study presents a comparison of the common Child Restraint Systems (CRS) which reduces the value of dynamic loads affecting the child's body during car accidents. The analyzed systems were: child seats, Combi Booster Seats, and straps adjusting vehicle seat belts to children's sizes. The effectiveness of the analyzed devices was assessed on the basis of experimental tests carried out in the accredited laboratory approving the Child Restraint Systems. The tests were carried out accordingly to the new Regulation No. 129 UN / ECE. Whether the tested devices meet the guidelines of the new Regulations No. 129 despite approval in accordance with Regulation No. 44. Based on the research result, better safety parameters of some new solutions dedicated to children's safety could be observed. The final results show that there is still space for improving the safety of young vehicle passengers.

Phantom Brake Phenomenon in Survivors of Car Accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Zack Z. Cernovsky ◽  
Milad Fattahi
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Symptom Pattern ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All

Background: Survivors of high impact car accidents, when traveling in cars as passengers, may exhibit the phantom brake reaction. The reaction consists of involuntarily pressing the foot on the floor of the car in a reflexive attempt "to brake", even though there is no brake pedal in front of the passenger seat. This study examines the incidence and correlates of this special phenomenon. Method: De-identified data of 114 survivors (37 men, 77 women; mean age 38.6, SD=12.4) of high impact motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) were available, with their responses to the Brief Pain Inventory, Insomnia Severity Index, Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, Subjective Neuropsychological Symptoms Scale (SNPSS), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), ratings of depression and of generalized anxiety, and 3 questionnaire measures of driving anxiety, i.e., Whetstone’s, Steiner’s, and the Driving Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ). One item of the DAQ assesses the phantom brake phenomenon on a 4-point scale (0=No, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe): this is the key variable in the present study. Results: Mild to severe forms of the phantom brake reaction were reported by 92.1% of the post-MVA patients. Significant correlations (p<0.05, 2-tailed) were found of the intensity of phantom brake reaction to the intensity of post-MVA pain (rs from 0.20 to 0.33), insomnia (r=0.40), the Rivermead post-concussion scale (r=.29), other post-concussive and whiplash symptoms as measured by the SNPSS (r=0.19), depression (r=0.30), generalized anxiety (r=0.32), and to DAQ (r=0.47) and Whetstone’s (r=0.50) measures of driving anxiety. No significant relationships were found of the phantom brake reaction to age and gender. Discussion and Conclusion: The phantom brake reaction was reported by almost all post-MVA patients and can be considered as a part of their post-MVA polytraumatic symptom pattern.

scholarly journals Multicenter Evaluation of Cystatin C Measurement after Assay Standardization

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Bargnoux ◽  
Laurence Piéroni ◽  
Jean-Paul Cristol ◽  
Nils Kuster ◽  
Pierre Delanaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystatin C ◽  
Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Performance Specifications ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
Almost All

Abstract BACKGROUND Since 2010, a certified reference material ERM-DA471/IFCC has been available for cystatin C (CysC). This study aimed to assess the sources of uncertainty in results for clinical samples measured using standardized assays. METHODS This evaluation was performed in 2015 and involved 7 clinical laboratories located in France and Belgium. CysC was measured in a panel of 4 serum pools using 8 automated assays and a candidate isotope dilution mass spectrometry reference measurement procedure. Sources of uncertainty (imprecision and bias) were evaluated to calculate the relative expanded combined uncertainty for each CysC assay. Uncertainty was judged against the performance specifications derived from the biological variation model. RESULTS Only Siemens reagents on the Siemens systems and, to a lesser extent, DiaSys reagents on the Cobas system, provided results that met the minimum performance criterion calculated according to the intraindividual and interindividual biological variations. Although the imprecision was acceptable for almost all assays, an increase in the bias with concentration was observed for Gentian reagents, and unacceptably high biases were observed for Abbott and Roche reagents on their own systems. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive picture of the market situation since the release of ERM-DA471/IFCC shows that bias remains the major component of the combined uncertainty because of possible problems associated with the implementation of traceability. Although some manufacturers have clearly improved their calibration protocols relative to ERM-DA471, most of them failed to meet the criteria for acceptable CysC measurements.

The Bees Algorithm: Modelling foraging behaviour to solve continuous optimization problems

2009 ◽  
Vol 223 (12) ◽  
pp. 2919-2938 ◽  
Author(s):  
D T Pham ◽  
M Castellani
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Continuous Optimization ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Function Optimization ◽  
Bees Algorithm ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Neighbourhood Search ◽  
Continuous Optimization Problems ◽  
Almost All

The Bees Algorithm models the foraging behaviour of honeybees in order to solve optimization problems. The algorithm performs a kind of exploitative neighbourhood search combined with random explorative search. This article describes the Bees Algorithm in its basic formulation, and two recently introduced procedures that increase the speed and accuracy of the search. A critical review of the related swarm intelligence literature is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed method is compared to that of three state-of-the-art biologically inspired search methods. The four algorithms were tested on a range of well-known benchmark function optimization problems of different degrees of complexity. The experimental results proved the reliability of the bees foraging metaphor. The Bees Algorithm performed optimally, or near optimally, in almost all the tests. Compared to the three control algorithms, the Bees Algorithm was highly competitive in terms of learning accuracy and speed. The experimental tests helped also to shed further light on the search mechanisms of the Bees Algorithm and the three control methods, and to highlight their differences, strengths, and weaknesses.

Human factors in driving accidents: A cognitive investigation in the Gulf context

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S137-S138
Author(s):  
Y. Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Almost All

IntroductionHuman factors have been reported as the reason behind the majority of car accidents. However, to date, no studies at least in the Arab world generally and Gulf area specifically, conducted a comprehensive examination of cognitive functioning as potential predictors of car accidents and driving violations.ObjectivesExamining the role of cognitive functions e.g., verbal working memory, attentional control as predictors of traffic accidents and driving violations.AimsExamining the predictability of individual's cognition of occurrence of driving violations and accidents.MethodsThe study was carried on a sample of hundred and thirty two participants whose age ranged between 24 and 31 years. They were classified into groups of violators and non-violators, accident free and accident involved as well. Cognitive functioning were measured using self-reports and task performance, and a series of ANOVAS as well as stepwise multiple regressions were conducted to test the research hypothesis.ResultsFindings showed significant differences between violators and non-violators and between the accident free and accident involved groups in almost all of the considered factors, except for the decision making factor. Moreover, Pearson product-moment correlations showed that there were significant negative correlations between age, driving violations, and cognitive performance and the accidents.ConclusionsHuman cognition such as executive functioning and mental planning are key factors for predicting driving behavior and traffic accidents. The study results have many implications in diagnosing and preventing or at least reducing driving violations and road accidents.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Danube Commission

1958 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-256
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
European Water ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
East German ◽  
Complex Utilization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Regular Session

The sixteenth regular session of the Danube Commission was held in Budapest in January 1957. It was reported that a series of organizational and financial problems was deliberated, an assessment of the practical work accomplished given, and the fundamental tasks of the Commission in the forthcoming period determined. Reportedly, the Danube Commission had covered and resolved almost all the basic problems concerning the establishment of the regulations for ensuring free navigation of the Danube; however, uniform regulations regarding civil law relations in navigation still had not been established. In setting its future tasks, the sixteenth session took into account, inter alia, the interconnection of the Danube basin with the other European water ways (the Rhine, the Oder, the Vistula, and the east German canals) and the complex utilization of the Danube as a source of hydroelectric power. It was reported that active cooperation had been established with the Economic Commission for Europe and the International Navigation Congress of Brussels. The importance of taking the entire Danube into account was noted in deliberating the tasks of the Commission relating to navigation and to the increased economic exploitation of the Danube. In this connection it was reported that beginning from the fifteenth regular session of the Commission, the Austrian and west German experts were participating in the Commission's activities.

scholarly journals Situational Use of Child Restraint Systems and Carpooling Behaviors in Parents and Caregivers

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine McDonald ◽  
Erin Kennedy ◽  
Linda Fleisher ◽  
Mark Zonfrillo
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Booster Seat ◽  
Booster Seats ◽  
Child Restraint

Suboptimal compliance with child restraint system (CRS) recommendations can increase risk for injury or death in a motor vehicle crash. The purpose of this study was to examine scenarios associated with incomplete CRS use and non-use in children ages 4–10 years. We used a cross-sectional online survey with a convenience sample of parent/caregivers from the United States, age ≥18 years, with a child age 4–10 years in their home, who could read and spoke English, and drove child ≥6 times in previous three months. We used descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U to describe and compare the distribution of responses to situational use of CRSs among car seat users and booster seat users. We also used descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U to describe and compare the distribution of responses to carpooling items among booster seat users and non-booster seat users. There were significant differences among those who reported most often using booster seats (n = 282) and car seats (n = 127) in situations involving rental cars, driving just around the corner, car too crowded to fit the CRS, not enough CRSs in the vehicle, the CRS is missing from the car, or the child is in someone else’s car without a CRS (p < 0.05). Among those who reported most often using booster seats and who carpooled other children (n = 159), 71.7% (n = 114) always used a booster seat for their own child. When carpooling other children, booster seat users were significantly more likely to use booster seats for other children ages 4–10 than the non-booster seat users (p < 0.01). Continued education and programs surrounding CRS use is critical, particularly for children who should be in booster seats.

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