scholarly journals Avian Pattern Recognition Receptor Sensing and Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabari Nath Neerukonda ◽  
Upendra Katneni
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Microbial Defense ◽  
Recognition Receptor

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play a critical role in detecting and responding to several conserved patterns of microorganisms. As such, they play a major role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and anti-microbial defense. Fundamental knowledge pertaining to the discovery of PRR functions and their ligands continue to advance the understanding of immune system and disease resistance, which led to the rational design and/or application of various PRR ligands as vaccine adjuvants. In addition, the conserved nature of many PRRs throughout the animal kingdom has enabled the utilization of the comparative genomics approach in PRR identification and the study of evolution, structural features, and functions in many animal species including avian. In the present review, we focused on PRR sensing and signaling functions in the avian species, domestic chicken, mallard, and domestic goose. In addition to summarizing recent advances in the understanding of avian PRR functions, the present review utilized a comparative biology approach to identify additional PRRs, whose functions have been well studied in mammalians but await functional characterization in avian.

Adaptive immunity

2010 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Single Organism

Following the innate immune response, which acts very rapidly, the adaptive immune response plays a critical role in host defence against infectious disease. Unlike the innate response, which is triggered by pattern recognition of pathogens, i.e. features that are common to many bacteria or viruses, the adaptive response is triggered by structural features—known as antigens or epitopes—that are typically unique to a single organism....

Targeting intracellular mediators of pattern-recognition receptor signalling to adjuvant vaccination

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1501-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wales ◽  
E. Andreakos ◽  
M. Feldmann ◽  
B. Foxwell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Systemic Toxicity ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptor ◽  
Intracellular Signalling ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Receptor Signalling ◽  
Intracellular Mediators ◽  
Recognition Receptor

PRR (pattern-recognition receptor) signalling is involved early in the immune response and therefore would be attractive to target during vaccination. The use of PRR ligands has shown some success; however, toxicity and non-specificity are issues with this strategy. The targeting of PRR intracellular signalling networks would allow for greater specificity and reduced systemic toxicity. The present review examines the successes seen with overexpression or repression of PRR signalling molecules.

scholarly journals Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Chand ◽  
Royford B. Magiri ◽  
Heather L. Wilson ◽  
George K. Mutwiri
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Laboratory Rodents

Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.

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