scholarly journals Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Chand ◽  
Royford B. Magiri ◽  
Heather L. Wilson ◽  
George K. Mutwiri
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Laboratory Rodents

Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.

scholarly journals Avian Pattern Recognition Receptor Sensing and Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabari Nath Neerukonda ◽  
Upendra Katneni
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Microbial Defense ◽  
Recognition Receptor

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play a critical role in detecting and responding to several conserved patterns of microorganisms. As such, they play a major role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and anti-microbial defense. Fundamental knowledge pertaining to the discovery of PRR functions and their ligands continue to advance the understanding of immune system and disease resistance, which led to the rational design and/or application of various PRR ligands as vaccine adjuvants. In addition, the conserved nature of many PRRs throughout the animal kingdom has enabled the utilization of the comparative genomics approach in PRR identification and the study of evolution, structural features, and functions in many animal species including avian. In the present review, we focused on PRR sensing and signaling functions in the avian species, domestic chicken, mallard, and domestic goose. In addition to summarizing recent advances in the understanding of avian PRR functions, the present review utilized a comparative biology approach to identify additional PRRs, whose functions have been well studied in mammalians but await functional characterization in avian.

scholarly journals Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afton L. Thompson ◽  
Herman F. Staats
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Nasal Vaccine ◽  
Intranasal Vaccine ◽  
Nasal Immunization

Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin andE. coliheat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants.

scholarly journals Pathways for Potentiation of Immunogenicity during Adjuvant-Assisted Immunizations with Plasmodium falciparumMajor Merozoite Surface Protein 1

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 5329-5336 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. N. Hui ◽  
Caryn N. Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein 1 ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Animal Hosts

Vaccine adjuvants exert critical and unique influences on the quality of immune responses induced during active immunizations. We investigated the mechanisms of action of immunological adjuvants in terms of their requirements for cytokine-mediated pathways for adjuvanticity. Antibody responses potentiated by several adjuvants to a Plasmodium falciparum MSP1-19 (C-terminal 19-kDa processing fragment of MSP1) vaccine were studied in gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or interleukin (IL-4) knockout mice. The levels of anti-MSP1-19 antibodies and the induction of Th1- and Th2-type antibodies were analyzed. Results revealed a spectrum of requirements for cytokine-mediated pathways in the potentiation of immunogenicity, and such requirements were influenced by interactions among individual components of the adjuvant formulations. One adjuvant strictly depended on IFN-γ to induce appreciable levels of anti-MSP1-19 antibodies, while some formulations required IFN-γ only for the induction of Th1-type antibodies. Other formulations induced exclusively Th2-type antibodies and were not affected by IFN-γ knockout. There were three patterns of requirements for IL-4 by various adjuvants in the induction of Th2-type anti-MSP1-19 antibodies. Moreover, the induction of Th1-type anti-MSP1-19 antibodies by adjuvants showed two distinct patterns of regulation by IL-4. The utilization of an IL-4 regulated pathway(s) for the induction of Th2-type antibodies by the same adjuvant differed between mouse strains, suggesting that animal species variability in responses to vaccine adjuvants may be due, at least in part, to differences in the utilization of immune system pathways by an adjuvant among animal hosts.

Catechol-Driven Self-Assembly to Fabricate Highly Ordered and SERS-Active Glycoadjuvant Patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyi Shen ◽  
yan Huang ◽  
yue Sun ◽  
Weidong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants

Vaccine adjuvants play a critical role in innate immunity and tumor-specific immune responses. Engineering and detection of vaccine (adjuvant and antigen) is crucial for the fundamental studies of immunotherapy. In...

scholarly journals A De-O-acylated Lipooligosaccharide-Based Adjuvant System Promotes Antibody and Th1-Type Immune Responses to H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji In Ryu ◽  
Shin Ae Park ◽  
Seo Ri Wui ◽  
Ara Ko ◽  
Ji Eun Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Adjuvant System

Vaccine adjuvants are agents that are used to promote immune responses to vaccine antigens and thereby to enhance the protective efficacy of the vaccines. In this study, we investigated the adjuvant activity of CIA06, an adjuvant system that is composed of a toll-like receptor 4 agonist de-O-acylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS) and aluminum hydroxide, on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Greenflu-S® in mice. CIA06 significantly enhanced influenza-specific serum IgG, hemagglutination-inhibition, and virus-neutralizing antibody titers, which eliminated vaccine dose-dependency in the antibody response. Mice immunized with the CIA06-adjuvanted Greenflu-S showed Th1-type-predominant cytokine profiles, and both CD4+and CD8+T cell responses were induced. Immunization of mice with the CIA06-adjuvanted vaccine reduced the mortality and morbidity of mice upon lethal challenges with influenza virus, and no excessive inflammatory responses were observed in the lung tissues of the immunized mice after viral infection. These data suggest that the dLOS-based adjuvant system CIA06 can be used to promote the immune responses to influenza vaccine or to spare antigen dose without causing harmful inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Bovine Herpesvirus 1 VP22 Enhances the Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine in Cattle

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1948-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfu Zheng ◽  
Lorne A. Babiuk ◽  
Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Glycoprotein D ◽  
Significant Protection ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Viral Excretion ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

ABSTRACT For this study, the intercellular trafficking ability of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) VP22 was applied to improve the efficacy of a DNA vaccine in calves. A plasmid encoding a truncated version of glycoprotein D (tgD) fused to VP22 was constructed. The plasmid encoding tgD-VP22 elicited significantly enhanced and more balanced immune responses than those induced by a plasmid encoding tgD. Furthermore, protection against a BHV-1 challenge was obtained in calves immunized with the plasmid encoding tgD-VP22, as shown by significant reductions in viral excretion. However, less significant protection was observed for animals vaccinated with the tgD-expressing plasmid, correlating with the lower level of immunity observed prechallenge. This is the first report of the use of VP22 as a transport molecule in the context of a DNA vaccine for a large animal species.

Enzymes as a Reservoir of Host Defence Peptides

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1310-1323
Author(s):  
Andrea Bosso ◽  
Antimo Di Maro ◽  
Valeria Cafaro ◽  
Alberto Di Donato ◽  
Eugenio Notomista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Active Peptides ◽  
Wide Range

Host defence peptides (HDPs) are powerful modulators of cellular responses to various types of insults caused by pathogen agents. To date, a wide range of HDPs, from species of different kingdoms including bacteria, plant and animal with extreme diversity in structure and biological activity, have been described. Apart from a limited number of peptides ribosomally synthesized, a large number of promising and multifunctional HDPs have been identified within protein precursors, with properties not necessarily related to innate immunity, consolidating the fascinating hypothesis that proteins have a second or even multiple biological mission in the form of one or more bio-active peptides. Among these precursors, enzymes constitute certainly an interesting group, because most of them are mainly globular and characterized by a fine specific internal structure closely related to their catalytic properties and also because they are yet little considered as potential HDP releasing proteins. In this regard, the main aim of the present review is to describe a panel of HDPs, identified in all canonical classes of enzymes, and to provide a detailed description on hydrolases and their corresponding HDPs, as there seems to exist a striking link between these structurally sophisticated catalysts and their high content in cationic and amphipathic cryptic peptides.

scholarly journals Role of Alternative Splicing in Regulating Host Response to Viral Infection

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Kuo-Chieh Liao ◽  
Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Type I ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Host Virus Interactions

The importance of transcriptional regulation of host genes in innate immunity against viral infection has been widely recognized. More recently, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have gained appreciation as an additional and important layer of regulation to fine-tune host immune responses. Here, we review the functional significance of alternative splicing in innate immune responses to viral infection. We describe how several central components of the Type I and III interferon pathways encode spliced isoforms to regulate IFN activation and function. Additionally, the functional roles of splicing factors and modulators in antiviral immunity are discussed. Lastly, we discuss how cell death pathways are regulated by alternative splicing as well as the potential role of this regulation on host immunity and viral infection. Altogether, these studies highlight the importance of RNA splicing in regulating host–virus interactions and suggest a role in downregulating antiviral innate immunity; this may be critical to prevent pathological inflammation.

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