scholarly journals Managing Water Quality in Premise Plumbing: Subject Matter Experts’ Perspectives and a Systematic Review of Guidance Documents

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajveer Singh ◽  
Kerry A. Hamilton ◽  
Md Rasheduzzaman ◽  
Zhao Yang ◽  
Saurajyoti Kar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Subject Matter Experts ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Guidance Documents

Although many guidance documents have been developed to inform the design and operation of building water systems to ensure safe water quality, there is a lack of consensus on some topics. This study interviewed 22 subject matter experts (SMEs) to identify topics of concern for managing water quality in buildings and compared SME views with information available on these topics in 15 systematically screened important guidance documents. The study found 18 design and 11 operational topics as critical for managing water quality in buildings. No one guidance document addressed all these topics, suggesting that a compendium of available guidance is needed. SMEs most frequently recommended temperature and residual disinfectant measurements as good parameters for monitoring overall building water quality. Both SME and guidance document recommendations for temperature for controlling opportunistic pathogen growth were reasonably consistent with water heater setpoint >60 °C. However, hot water temperature recommendations varied between 50 and 55 °C for other locations (i.e., the water temperature at the tap or end of the return loop). On the contrary, recommendations for disinfectant residual levels (0.2–2.0 mg/L), flushing frequency (1–14 days), and allowable time for hot water to reach the tap (10–60 s) were not consistent. While this study was able to reconcile diverging views on some of the water quality topics, such as identifying common guidance for water heater set point to at least 60 °C, it also highlights lack of definitive guidance on other critical topics, such as residual level, flushing frequency, hot water time to tap, and the use of thermostatic mixing valves, indicating that these are significant knowledge gaps that need further investigation. The study concludes that there is a need for developing evidence-based guidance, particularly on the topics where expert opinions diverged.

Influence of Hot Water Temperature and Use Patterns on Microbial Water Quality in Building Plumbing Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dienye L. Tolofari ◽  
Tim Bartrand ◽  
Sheldon V. Masters ◽  
Marylia Duarte Batista ◽  
Charles N. Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Plumbing Systems

A New Performance Estimate Method for Design of Storage-Type Domestic Electrical Water-Heaters Based on the CFD Simulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
Li Li Zhao ◽  
Zhi Jun Zhang ◽  
Shi Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
New Method ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Water Heaters

The 3D physical model of the electrical water heater was built. The water-heater performance was resolved by computer fluid dynamics simulation (CFD). The heater performance is characterized by a new method rather than that the discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency and fraction of heat recoverable. The new method is based on the constant discharge water temperature and rate for end user, 5L/min and 43°C that include the hot water from EWH and cold water from outside EWH. But the water discharge rate from EWH was variable as the water temperature discharge from EWH was variable. Compared with the traditional method, it is more close to the user using reality condition.

753 Burn Specialty Specific Advocacy, What Can You Do for Injury Prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S210-S210
Author(s):  
Arthur Sanford ◽  
Paula Petersen ◽  
Julie N Liberio ◽  
Susan Sanford ◽  
Yuk Ming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Burn Care ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Introduction Scald injuries affect many vulnerable populations. We know that there is a relationship between time and temperature as to severity of injury. When one of the authors had their residential hot water heater replaced, it was set to an uncomfortable temperature, 134oF, until adjusted to a safe level. This highlighted the possibility of catastrophic injury from a simple household function like washing hands or taking a bath. As a result, we have undertaken efforts to assess locations where burn team members and their families are potentially exposed to excessively hot water and educate them as to methods to measure their water temperature and maintain it at safe levels. Temperature differences between 120oF and 130oF mean the difference between injury in minutes to seconds. Methods Using a Taylor Market Digital Candy Thermometer, the tap is run at maximum hot water for 2 minutes. With water still running, a volume of approximately one liter is collected and the thermometer is immediately immersed in the water with the temperature recorded once stable. Data was recorded at a variety of locations, including residential (of care team), hotels, and around a variety of taps through the hospital. Results Twenty sites were measured for water temperature. The average temperature recorded was 114.1oF, with a median temperature recorded 110.9oF. There were three recordings of water temperature greater than 120oF, with the highest recorded at 132.9oF. All of these sites were immediately informed of the risks and appropriate measures taken to adjust water sources to an appropriate temperature. Conclusions We as burn care professionals know what acceptable water temperatures are for taps in our personal spaces. Despite that it is possible that hazardous conditions can exist. Many areas of society are looking for the guidance of health care providers, and we need to start in our own homes to make that environment safe, and then take that message to our relatives and community. Applicability of Research to Practice This is a real world demonstration of the need to verify safety in our own homes and then take that message of prevention to vulnerable populations.

Chemistry of the Interfaces of an Electric Water Heater: Implications from an Input-Output Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Martin B. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Copper Zinc

Abstract In a case study, this paper responds to increasing public interest in water quality issues by investigating chemical changes as water passes through a domestic water hot water system. Elemental changes were measured by simultaneous analysis of the incoming and outgoing water streams and the deposited sediment from an electric water heater tank. The results may alter some long-held beliefs. The collected and dried sediment from the tank was analyzed for thirty common elements by inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption techniques. Of the 25 elements found, the dominant seven in order of concentration were magnesium, aluminum, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, and sodium, as well as some surprising traces of other elements. The cold water input and the heated output were also analyzed for thirteen measurable elements. In the heated water output, magnesium had a massive 151% increase in concentration, followed by much more modest increases shown by arsenic, calcium, lead, potassium, silicon, and strontium. None of these mass balance changes compromised the potability of the water. The six elements, aluminum, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and sodium, showed decreases in aqueous concentrations on heating, thereby improving the water quality.

Performance Estimate for Design of Storage-Type Domestic Electrical Water-Heaters Based on the CFD Simulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 732-735
Author(s):  
Zhi Jun Zhang ◽  
Shi Wei Zhang ◽  
Cheng Hai Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
New Method ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Discharge Efficiency

The 3D physical model of the electrical water heater was built. The water-heater performance of two kind structures was resolved by computer fluid dynamics simulation (CFD). The heater performance is characterized by a new method rather than that the discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency and fraction of heat recoverable. The new method is based on the constant discharge water temperature and rate for end user, 5L/min and 43°C that include the hot water from EWH and cold water from outside EWH. But the water discharge rate from EWH was variable as the water temperature discharge from EWH was variable. The discharge efficiency of conventional EWH was 79.312%, and the discharge efficiency of improved EWH was 84.97%. Compared with the traditional method, it is more close to the user using reality condition.

scholarly journals TO STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR WATER HEATER PV CELLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Sunaina Sailani
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Centrifugal Pump ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Front Cover ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Absorbent Material

In this study we are obtaining the maximum temperature of solar water heater using of PV cells. The flat plate solar water heater are consisting using several parts such as collector , flat plate glass , circulating pump, PV cells , frame . The centrifugal pump is operated by PV Cells. Water temperature is measured by digital temperature meter. Hot water is storage in container. The most elements of these are a clear front cover, collector housing associated an absorbent material.

scholarly journals Alat Pengatur Suhu Air Via Smartphone Android Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibullah
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Temperature Level ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Know How ◽  
Arduino Uno

Dispenser is an electric powered water heater that works principle converts electrical energy into heat to heat water. Dispensers in the market today do not use the water temperature indicator level, so users do not know how much water temperature level has been reached that will be used to make food or drinks such as coffee, milk, tea, noodles or other foods. In the dispenser there are only LED indicators that will light up when water is heated and off when the water is hot. Hot water temperatures used for the manufacture of coffee, tea and other beverages require a certain temperature which is usually not more than 96° C because it will cause some problems, for example for coffee drinks will taste bitter and flavor in coffee may be lost. From this background, researchers want to design an adjustable water heater according to user requirements, with a temperature range between 30° C to 85° C using control of arduino uno microcontroller and some supporting components. Test results of this water temperature controller, the tool is made to produce water temperature according to user needs that is in the range 30-85° C

scholarly journals Utilization of air conditioner condenser as water heater in an effort to energy conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hery Sonawan ◽  
Panji Saputro ◽  
Iden Muhtar Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Compressor Power

This paper presents an experimental study of utilization of air conditioner condenser as water heater. Modification of existing air conditioner system is an effort to harvest waste heat energy from condenser. Modification is conducted in order to test the system into two mode tests, first mode with one condenser and second mode with two condensers. Harvesting the waste heat from condenser needs a theoretical and practice study to see how much the AC performance changes if modifications are made. It should also be considered how the technique of harvesting waste heat for water heating purposes. From the problem, this paper presents a comparison between AC performance before and after modification. From the experiment, an increase in compressor power consumption is 4.3% after adding a new condenser. The hot water temperature is attained to 69 °C and ready for warm bath. The increase in power consumption is not too significant compared to the attainable hot water temperature. Also seen that the value of condenser Performance Factor increase from 5.8 to 6.25 or by 7.8%.

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