scholarly journals Alat Pengatur Suhu Air Via Smartphone Android Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibullah
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Temperature Level ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Know How ◽  
Arduino Uno

Dispenser is an electric powered water heater that works principle converts electrical energy into heat to heat water. Dispensers in the market today do not use the water temperature indicator level, so users do not know how much water temperature level has been reached that will be used to make food or drinks such as coffee, milk, tea, noodles or other foods. In the dispenser there are only LED indicators that will light up when water is heated and off when the water is hot. Hot water temperatures used for the manufacture of coffee, tea and other beverages require a certain temperature which is usually not more than 96° C because it will cause some problems, for example for coffee drinks will taste bitter and flavor in coffee may be lost. From this background, researchers want to design an adjustable water heater according to user requirements, with a temperature range between 30° C to 85° C using control of arduino uno microcontroller and some supporting components. Test results of this water temperature controller, the tool is made to produce water temperature according to user needs that is in the range 30-85° C

Water Temperature Control Using PID Control System Based on LabVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Ari Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Digital Thermometer ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract - Automatic system have grown widespread across all sector so do water heater. Traditionally, heating water is done by utilizing fire as heat source. As the growing of technology, the heating process could be done by manipulating electrical energy by convert it to heat. Electrical energy is flown to a metal rod that contact directly with the water which increase the water temperature. On some case, appropiate water temperature is needed. Altough, a thermometer is needed to read the actual temperature as a feedback value for the system and a system that can control the electricity current flow through the heater that the heat produced is linear to the current flow. With implementing microcontroller as a process node for generating PWM signal, this problem can be solved. Also, Labview is needed as an interface for monitoring and bursting an output which have been processed by Proportional, Integral, and Devivative (PID) controller to producing accurate and stable heat. Based on the results of testing, the system is able to provide a rapid response to any changes that occur, both changes in set-point and changes in water temperature (actual value). Another test is done by comparing the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor in this device with an external digital thermometer placed in the same place, and from some of the tests the temperature value detected by the temperature sensor in this device has a difference of ± 0.19 ℃ with a digital thermometer. Keyword : Water Heater, Thermometer, Microcontroller, LabView, PID.

A New Performance Estimate Method for Design of Storage-Type Domestic Electrical Water-Heaters Based on the CFD Simulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
Li Li Zhao ◽  
Zhi Jun Zhang ◽  
Shi Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
New Method ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Water Heaters

The 3D physical model of the electrical water heater was built. The water-heater performance was resolved by computer fluid dynamics simulation (CFD). The heater performance is characterized by a new method rather than that the discharge efficiency, extraction efficiency and fraction of heat recoverable. The new method is based on the constant discharge water temperature and rate for end user, 5L/min and 43°C that include the hot water from EWH and cold water from outside EWH. But the water discharge rate from EWH was variable as the water temperature discharge from EWH was variable. Compared with the traditional method, it is more close to the user using reality condition.

scholarly journals Managing Water Quality in Premise Plumbing: Subject Matter Experts’ Perspectives and a Systematic Review of Guidance Documents

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajveer Singh ◽  
Kerry A. Hamilton ◽  
Md Rasheduzzaman ◽  
Zhao Yang ◽  
Saurajyoti Kar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Subject Matter Experts ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Guidance Documents

Although many guidance documents have been developed to inform the design and operation of building water systems to ensure safe water quality, there is a lack of consensus on some topics. This study interviewed 22 subject matter experts (SMEs) to identify topics of concern for managing water quality in buildings and compared SME views with information available on these topics in 15 systematically screened important guidance documents. The study found 18 design and 11 operational topics as critical for managing water quality in buildings. No one guidance document addressed all these topics, suggesting that a compendium of available guidance is needed. SMEs most frequently recommended temperature and residual disinfectant measurements as good parameters for monitoring overall building water quality. Both SME and guidance document recommendations for temperature for controlling opportunistic pathogen growth were reasonably consistent with water heater setpoint >60 °C. However, hot water temperature recommendations varied between 50 and 55 °C for other locations (i.e., the water temperature at the tap or end of the return loop). On the contrary, recommendations for disinfectant residual levels (0.2–2.0 mg/L), flushing frequency (1–14 days), and allowable time for hot water to reach the tap (10–60 s) were not consistent. While this study was able to reconcile diverging views on some of the water quality topics, such as identifying common guidance for water heater set point to at least 60 °C, it also highlights lack of definitive guidance on other critical topics, such as residual level, flushing frequency, hot water time to tap, and the use of thermostatic mixing valves, indicating that these are significant knowledge gaps that need further investigation. The study concludes that there is a need for developing evidence-based guidance, particularly on the topics where expert opinions diverged.

Waste Heat Recovery From Generators in the Deployed Army

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Tamm ◽  
J. Ledlie Klosky ◽  
Jacob Baxter ◽  
Luke Grant ◽  
Isaac Melnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Fuel Savings

Electrical power generation in austere settings, such as combat zones, places a heavy burden on the US Army; high costs in both dollars and lives lost require that every drop of fuel be used effectively and efficiently. In remote locations such as combat outposts (COPs) and small forward operating bases (FOBs) in Afghanistan, electrical power derived from the Army’s standard Advanced Medium Mobile Power Sources (AMMPS) generator is even used to heat water for showers and heat living spaces. This heating requires conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy, which is then converted to electrical energy and back to heat. Thus, a significant fuel savings could be realized through the more efficient production of heat. A combined heat and power system is proposed; efficiency is increased by routing the generator exhaust through simple ducting to a standard gas hot water heater to produce hot water with waste heat. With funding from the U.S. Army Rapid Equipping Force, cadets and faculty at the United States Military Academy designed, built and tested a system for under $1,000 in parts which was readily coupled to a 5 kW AMMPS generator to produce hot shower water. Results indicate a possible fuel savings of 1500–2000 gallons per year, 20–35% increased fuel utility, and the ability to provide 10–20 five gallon showers during every 5 hours of operation of each 5 kW generator. At a fuel cost of $20–50 per gallon in the deployed environment, and considering the large inventory of deployed generators, the payback for the Army could be tremendous.

scholarly journals SAKLAR OTOMATIS BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER UNTUK MENGURANGI PENGGUNAAN ENERGI LISTRIK

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
I Made Agus Mahardiananta ◽  
I Made Aditya Nugraha ◽  
Putu Aries Ridhana Arimbawa ◽  
Dewa Ngakan Gde Tisna Prayoga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
High Increase ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Passive Infrared

The use of electrical energy that is often encountered in households is leaving the house with the lights on, leaving electronic goods stuck in the socket, charging cell phones overnight and turning on the air conditioner when no one is around. This unwise behavior will result in a high increase in the use of electrical energy. To reduce this unwise behavior, a device will be made that functions as a switch to cut off electrical energy automatically when we leave the room. This tool uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller with a Passive Infrared Receiver sensor to flow electrical energy when we enter the room and cut off electrical energy when leaving the room. It can be concluded that the use of an automatic switch can reduce electrical energy consumption. Automatic switches with a delay of 20 seconds compared to conventional switches have a significant ratio of electrical energy consumption as indicated by the test results of a multiple ratio of 0.00 with a test level of less than 0.05. Using an automatic switch with a 20 second delay results in savings in electrical energy consumption of 48.76% of the electrical energy consumption using conventional switches.

scholarly journals Optimal schedule and temperature control of stratified water heaters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.A. Engelbrecht ◽  
MJ Ritchie ◽  
MJ Booysen
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Optimal Schedule ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Water Heaters

Water heating is a major component of domestic electrical energy usage, in some countries contributing to 25% of the residential sector energy consumption. Demand response strategies can reduce the time-of-use costs and overall electrical energy consumption. We present a method to reduce the electrical energy usage itself. Our novel heating schedule control minimises the electric water heater's energy usage without compromising user convenience. We achieve optimal control, while taking into account the natural temperature stratification of the water in the tank, using the A* search algorithm. Since previous research assumes a one-node thermal model, we also assess the effect of excluding stratification. We match three optimal control strategies to a baseline: the standard "always on'" thermostat control. The first two strategies respectively match the temperature and the energy of the hot water supplied by the water heater. The third, a variation on the second, includes a method of preventing the growth of Legionella bacteria. We tested 77 water heaters over four weeks, a week for each season, and all three strategies saved energy. The median savings were 6.3% for temperature-matching, 21.9% for energy-matching and 16.2% for energy-matching with Legionella prevention. Taking stratification into account increased these savings by 1.2%, 5.4% and 5.5% respectively.

scholarly journals Comparison of the performance of a domestic solar water heater in different climates in Algeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151
Author(s):  
Touhami Baki
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Different Climates

A simulation with TRNSYS of an individual solar water heater for the hot water needs of an average family in Algeria was made; three cities of different climates were chosen to the north on the coast, in the highlands and in a desert region, the solar water heater consists of a flat panel of 4m² and a storage tank of 300 liters, a back-up electrical energy is activated when solar radiations are insufficient or during the night, the consumption of domestic hot water leaving the tank at 60 °C follows a typical profile, the results show significant performance in the south and similar data in the north and in the highlands.

Prediction of coefficient of performance and simulation design of an air-source heat pump water heater

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 378-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Loh Tangwe ◽  
Michael Simon ◽  
Edson Leroy Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Air Source Heat Pump ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Air Speed ◽  
Heating Up

Purpose The purpose of this study was to build and develop mathematical models correlating ambient conditions and electrical energy to the coefficient of performance (COP) of an air-source heat pump (ASHP) water heater. This study also aimed to design a simulation application to compute the COP under different heating up scenarios, and to calculate the mean significant difference under the specified scenarios by using a statistical method. Design/methodology/approach A data acquisition system was designed with respect to the required sensors and data loggers on the basis of the experimental setup. The two critical scenarios (with hot water draws and without hot water draws) during the heating up cycles were analyzed. Both mathematical models and the simulation application were developed using the analyzed data. Findings The predictors showed a direct linear relationship to the COP under the no successive hot water draws scenario, while they exhibited a linear relationship with a negative gradient to the COP under the simultaneous draws scenario. Both scenarios showed the ambient conditions to be the primary factor, and the weight of importance of the contribution to the COP was five times more in the scenario of simultaneous hot water draws than in the other scenario. The average COP of the ASHP water heater was better during a heating cycle with simultaneous hot water draws but demonstrated no mean significant difference from the other scenario. Research limitations/implications There was a need to include other prediction parameters such as air speed, difference in condenser temperature and difference in compressor temperature, which could help improve model accuracy. However, these were excluded because of insufficient funding for the purchase of additional temperature sensors and an air speed transducer. Practical implications The research was conducted in a normal middle-income family home, and all the results were obtained from the collected data from the data acquisition system. Moreover, the experiment was very feasible because the conduction of the study did not interfere with the activities of the house, as occupants were able to carry out their activities as usual. Social implications This paper attempts to justify the system efficiency under different heating up scenarios. Based on the mathematical model, the performance of the system could be determined all year round and the payback period could be easily evaluated. Finally, from the study, homeowners could see the value of the efficiency of the technology, as they could easily compute its performance on the basis of the ambient conditions at their location. Originality/value This is the first research on the mathematical modeling of the COP of an ASHP water heater using ambient conditions and electrical energy as the predictors and by using surface fitting multi-linear regression. Further, the novelty is the design of the simulation application for a Simulink environment to compute the performance from real-time data.

753 Burn Specialty Specific Advocacy, What Can You Do for Injury Prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S210-S210
Author(s):  
Arthur Sanford ◽  
Paula Petersen ◽  
Julie N Liberio ◽  
Susan Sanford ◽  
Yuk Ming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Burn Care ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Introduction Scald injuries affect many vulnerable populations. We know that there is a relationship between time and temperature as to severity of injury. When one of the authors had their residential hot water heater replaced, it was set to an uncomfortable temperature, 134oF, until adjusted to a safe level. This highlighted the possibility of catastrophic injury from a simple household function like washing hands or taking a bath. As a result, we have undertaken efforts to assess locations where burn team members and their families are potentially exposed to excessively hot water and educate them as to methods to measure their water temperature and maintain it at safe levels. Temperature differences between 120oF and 130oF mean the difference between injury in minutes to seconds. Methods Using a Taylor Market Digital Candy Thermometer, the tap is run at maximum hot water for 2 minutes. With water still running, a volume of approximately one liter is collected and the thermometer is immediately immersed in the water with the temperature recorded once stable. Data was recorded at a variety of locations, including residential (of care team), hotels, and around a variety of taps through the hospital. Results Twenty sites were measured for water temperature. The average temperature recorded was 114.1oF, with a median temperature recorded 110.9oF. There were three recordings of water temperature greater than 120oF, with the highest recorded at 132.9oF. All of these sites were immediately informed of the risks and appropriate measures taken to adjust water sources to an appropriate temperature. Conclusions We as burn care professionals know what acceptable water temperatures are for taps in our personal spaces. Despite that it is possible that hazardous conditions can exist. Many areas of society are looking for the guidance of health care providers, and we need to start in our own homes to make that environment safe, and then take that message to our relatives and community. Applicability of Research to Practice This is a real world demonstration of the need to verify safety in our own homes and then take that message of prevention to vulnerable populations.

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