scholarly journals A Critical Evaluation of the Water Supply and Stormwater Management Performance of Retrofittable Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Quinn ◽  
Peter Melville-Shreeve ◽  
David Butler ◽  
Virginia Stovin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water

Rainwater harvesting systems are often used as both an alternative water source and a stormwater management tool. Many studies have focused on the water-saving potential of these systems, but research into aspects that impact stormwater retention—such as demand patterns and climate change—is lacking. This paper investigates the short-term impact of demand on both water supply and stormwater management and examines future and potential performance over a longer time scale using climate change projections. To achieve this, data was collected from domestic rainwater harvesting systems in Broadhempston, UK, and used to create a yield-after-spillage model. The validation process showed that using constant demand as opposed to monitored data had little impact on accuracy. With regards to stormwater management, it was found that monitored households did not use all the non-potable available water, and that increasing their demand for this was the most effective way of increasing retention capacity based on the modelling study completed. Installing passive or active runoff control did not markedly improve performance. Passive systems reduced the outflow to greenfield runoff for the longest time, whereas active systems increased the outflow to a level substantially above roof runoff in the 30 largest events.

PERENCANAAN PEMANFAATAN SISTEM PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN (PAH) DALAM MENDUKUNG PENERAPAN ECODRAIN DI KAMPUS B UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Fauziah Ismahyanti ◽  
Rosmawita Saleh ◽  
Arris Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Balance Method ◽  
Rainwater Runoff ◽  
Alternative Water

This research is done to plan rainwater harvesting so that it can be used as an alternative water source on the campus B UNJ so it is expected to reduce groundwater use that can cause a puddle. The method used in the PAH development plan is a water balance method. This method compares the level of demand with water volume that can be accommodated or the availability of water (supply). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the potential for rainwater in the FIO office building A was 1773.95 m3 , FMIPA building B was 1904.62 m3 , the FIO lecture building C was 1613.21 m3 and the Ulul Albab mosque was 512.16 m3 . Potential rainwater obtained cistern PAH capacity of 200 m3 by saving water needs by 30% in building A FIO, building B FMIPA, and building C FIO. The capacity of the PAH cistern is 80 m3 by saving the water needs of the Ulul Albab mosque by 13.3%. Placement of the PAH cistern under the ground with a ground water system. Ecodrainage application by utilizing the PAH system can reduce drainage load by 0.158 m3 /second or 13.9% from rainwater runoff.

scholarly journals Sustainable Water Resources Management in Small Greek Islands under Changing Climate

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1694
Author(s):  
Ioannis M. Kourtis ◽  
Konstantinos G. Kotsifakis ◽  
Elissavet G. Feloni ◽  
Evangelos A. Baltas
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water

Five different water resource management scenarios are examined on eight dry islands of the Aegean Sea in Greece, pitting the current practice of water hauling via ship against alternative water supply schemes in delivering a sustainable solution for meeting water demand. The first scenario employs current water supply practices along with the operation of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. Desalinated water, provided through the operation of wind-powered desalination plants, is considered the main source of potable water in the rest of scenarios. Wind-powered desalination may be combined with rainwater harvesting as a supplementary source of water and/or seawater pumping and an additional source of energy that is supplied to the system. All different alternatives are evaluated for a 30-year lifespan, and an optimal solution is proposed for each island, based on a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. The performance of this solution is then assessed under six climate change (CC) scenarios in terms of the rate of on-grid versus off-grid renewable energy that is required in order to achieve a certain reliability level. Overall, the examined scenarios show a decreasing performance in terms of reliability under CC for the eight islands.

scholarly journals Addressing the Water–Energy–Food Nexus through Enhanced Green Roof Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1972
Author(s):  
Jeremy Wright ◽  
Jeremy Lytle ◽  
Devon Santillo ◽  
Luzalen Marcos ◽  
Kristiina Valter Mai
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rainwater Runoff ◽  
Rain Events

Urban densification and climate change are creating a multitude of issues for cities around the globe. Contributing factors include increased impervious surfaces that result in poor stormwater management, rising urban temperatures, poor air quality, and a lack of available green space. In the context of volatile weather, there are growing concerns regarding the effects of increased intense rainfalls and how they affect highly populated areas. Green roofs are becoming a stormwater management tool, occupying a growing area of urban roof space in many developed cities. In addition to the water-centric approach to the implementation of green roofs, these systems offer a multitude of benefits across the urban water–energy–food nexus. This paper provides insight to green roof systems available that can be utilized as tools to mitigate the effects of climate change in urbanized areas. A new array of green roof testing modules is presented along with research methods employed to address current issues related to food, energy and water performance optimization. Rainwater runoff after three rain events was observed to be reduced commensurate with the presence of a blue roof retention membrane in the testbed, the growing media depth and type, as well as the productive nature of the plants in the testbed. Preliminary observations indicate that more productive green roof systems may have increasingly positive benefits across the water–energy–food nexus in dense urban areas that are vulnerable to climate disruption.

scholarly journals Rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling as alternative water resources: a survey of public opinion

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Stec
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Research ◽  
Recycling System ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Alternative Sources

This paper reports results from a survey of households in Poland concerning the use of alternative sources of water. Research showed that respondents were not too inclined to replace water from the water supply with greywater and rainwater. They would be afraid of using both greywater (79%) and rainwater (60%) in their household. The biggest concern was the use of alternative sources of water for doing laundry - more than 50% of respondents identified this issue in both cases. Only 43% of respondents would like to install a greywater recycling system and much more -78% a rainwater harvesting system. For the vast majority of respondents (80%) a subsidy would be an incentive for using these systems in their household.

Rainwater harvesting solar pasteurization treatment systems for the provision of an alternative water source in peri-urban informal settlements

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Reyneke ◽  
Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽  
Sehaam Khan ◽  
Wesaal Khan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Urban Informal Settlements ◽  
Alternative Water

Solar pasteurization systems are able to reduce microbial contamination in rainwater to within drinking water guidelines and thereby provide households in informal settlements and rural areas with an alternative water source.

Corn starch-based treatment improves rainwater quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1333
Author(s):  
Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada ◽  
Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
End Use ◽  
Apparent Colour ◽  
Rainwater Quality

Rainwater harvesting can provide an alternative water source, which may demand little treatment, depending on the end use. Some starches have been used in water treatment as coagulant/flocculant/filtration aid, and might be applied as primary coagulant. Here, we show direct filtration with hydraulic rapid mixing, using 2–6 mg L−1 cationic corn starch as primary coagulant, considerably improves roof-harvested rainwater quality, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 71.7% of apparent colour, 78% of turbidity, 1.1 log-unit of total coliform, and 1.6 log-unit of Escherichia coli, meeting guidelines for turbidity, even for potable purposes. Cationic corn starch has proved to be a suitable primary coagulant when filtration is performed in a single-layer sand filter (coefficient of uniformity: 1.8, effective particle size: 0.52 mm), at hydraulic loading rate of 450 m day−1. However, a disinfection unit is required to meet an absence of faecal coliform.

The closed city as a strategy to reduce vulnerability of urban areas for climate change

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. de Graaf ◽  
N.C. van de Giesen ◽  
F.H.M. van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Recovery Capacity ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Vulnerability Framework

Urbanization, land subsidence and sea level rise will increase vulnerability to droughts in the urbanized low-lying areas in the western part of the Netherlands. In this paper a possibility is explored to decrease vulnerability of urban areas by implementing an alternative water supply option. A four component vulnerability framework is presented that includes threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity and adaptive capacity. By using the vulnerability framework it is elaborated that current water supply strategies in the Netherlands mainly focus on increasing threshold capacity by constructing improved water storage and delivery infrastructure. A complete vulnerability decreasing strategy requires measures that include all four components. Adaptive capacity can be developed by starting experiments with new modes of water supply. A concept which is symbolically called ‘the closed city’ uses local urban rainfall as the only source of water supply. The ‘closed city’ can decrease the water dependence of urban areas on (1) the surrounding rural areas that are diminishing in size and that are increasingly under strain and (2) river water resources that will probably be less constant and reliable as a result of climate change.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00078
Author(s):  
Grażyna Sakson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Cost

Rainwater harvesting is an alternative water supply method that has become popular in recent years around the world. This is mainly due to financial reasons (reducing the cost of potable water and fees for rainwater discharge to the sewerage), but also because of environmental awareness. In Poland, rainwater harvesting systems are not often used because of their low financial viability determined by high system construction costs and the low prices of potable water. Earlier analysis conducted by the author showed that the payback period of investment outlays was from a dozen or so years for large buildings, to a few dozen for single-family houses. This situation may change after the introduction of common fees for discharging rainwater from impervious areas into sewerage, and fees for the reduction of natural retention on newly built-up areas, in accordance with new water regulations. This paper presents a cost analysis of rainwater harvesting systems for ten cities in Poland, with varying annual rainfall depth and various pricing for potable water. Analyses were carried out for a single-family house located in an area equipped with a municipal sewer system, and for a large building, located in an area equipped and not equipped with a municipal sewer system.

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