Treatment of Textile Wastewater by CAS, MBR, and MBBR: A Comparative Study from Technical, Economic, and Environmental Perspectives

In this study, three different biological methods—a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system, membrane bioreactor (MBR), and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)—were investigated to treat textile wastewater from a local industry. The results showed that technically, MBR was the most efficient technology, of which the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and color removal efficiency were 91%, 99.4%, and 80%, respectively, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.3 days. MBBR, on the other hand, had a similar COD removal performance compared with CAS (82% vs. 83%) with halved HRT (1 day vs. 2 days) and 73% of TSS removed, while CAS had 66%. Economically, MBBR was a more attractive option for an industrial-scale plant since it saved 68.4% of the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and had the same operational expenditures (OPEX) as MBR. The MBBR system also had lower environmental impacts compared with CAS and MBR processes in the life cycle assessment (LCA) study, since it reduced the consumption of electricity and decolorizing agent with respect to CAS. According to the results of economic and LCA analyses, the water treated by the MBBR system was reused to make new dyeings because water reuse in the textile industry, which is a large water consumer, could achieve environmental and economic benefits. The quality of new dyed fabrics was within the acceptable limits of the textile industry.

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Reduction of Cost and Environmental Impact in the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using a Combined MBBR-MBR System

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11110892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 892

Author(s):

Xuefei Yang ◽

Víctor López-Grimau

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Capital Expenditure ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Industrial Scale ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

Operational Expenditure

A hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor—Membrane Bioreactor (MBBR-MBR) was developed for the treatment of wastewater from a Spanish textile company. Compared with conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment, the feasibility of this hybrid system to reduce economic and environmental impact on an industrial scale was conducted. The results showed that, technically, the removal efficiency of COD, TSS and color reached 93%, 99% and 85%, respectively. The newly dyed fabrics performed with the treated wastewater were qualified under the standards of the textile industry. Economically, the values of Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) calculated for the hybrid MBBR-MBR system are profitable because of the reduction in Operational Expenditure (OPEX) when compared with CAS treatment, due to the lower effluent discharge tax thanks to the higher quality of the effluent and the decolorizing agent saved. The result of Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 18% suggested that MBBR-MBR is financially applicable for implantation into the industrial scale. The MBBR-MBR treatment also showed lower environmental impacts than the CAS process in the life cycle assessment (LCA) study, especially in the category of climate change, thanks to the avoidance of using extra decolorizing agent, a synthetic product based on a triamine.

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Comparison of aerobic processes for olive mill wastewater treatment

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 81 (9) ◽

pp. 1914-1926 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Jaouad ◽

M. Villain-Gambier ◽

L. Mandi ◽

B. Marrot ◽

N. Ouazzani

Keyword(s):

Stable State ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

Olive Mill Wastewater ◽

Organic Loading Rate ◽

Efficient Technology ◽

Treated Water ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

Olive Mill

Abstract Membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been proven to be an efficient technology capable of treating various industrial effluents. However, the evaluation of its performances in the case of olive mill wastewater (OMW) over a conventional activated sludge (CAS) have not been determined yet. The present study aims to compare OMW treatment in two laboratory scale pilots: an external ceramic MBR and CAS starting with an acclimation step in both reactors by raising OMW concentration progressively. After the acclimation step, the reactors received OMW at 2 gCOD/L with respect to an organic loading rate of 0.2 and 0.3 kgCOD/kgMLVSS/d for MBR and CAS, respectively. Biomass acclimation occurred successfully in both systems; however, the MBR tolerated more OMW toxicity than CAS as the MBR always maintained an effluent with a better quality. At a stable state, a higher reduction of 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) was obtained with MBR compared to CAS (86%), but both succeeded in polyphenols removal (80%). Moreover, a higher MLSS elimination from the MBR treated water (97%) was measured against 88% for CAS. Therefore, CAS was suitable for OMW treatment and MBR could be proposed as an alternative to CAS when a better quality of treated water is required.

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Energy-efficient wastewater treatment via the air-based, hybrid membrane biofilm reactor (hybrid MfBR)

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2014.086 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

pp. 1735-1741 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. Aybar ◽

G. Pizarro ◽

J. P. Boltz ◽

L. Downing ◽

R. Nerenberg

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Scale Up ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Hybrid Membrane ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Membrane Biofilm Reactor ◽

Membrane Modules

We used modeling to predict the energy and cost savings associated with the air-based, hybrid membrane-biofilm reactor (hybrid MfBR). This process is obtained by replacing fine-bubble diffusers in conventional activated sludge with air-supplying, hollow-fiber membrane modules. Evaluated processes included removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), combined COD and total nitrogen (TN) removal, and hybrid growth (biofilm and suspended). Target concentrations of COD and TN were based on high-stringency water reuse scenarios. Results showed reductions in power requirements as high as 86%. The decrease mainly resulted from the dramatically lower air flows for the MBfR, resulting from its higher oxygen-transfer efficiencies. When the MBfR was used for COD and TN removal, savings up to US$200/1,000 m3 of treated water were predicted. Cost savings were highly sensitive to the costs of the membrane modules and electrical power. The costs were also very sensitive to membrane oxidation flux for ammonia, and the membrane life. These results suggest the hybrid MBfR may provide significant savings in energy and costs. Further research on the identified key parameters can help confirm these modeling predictions and facilitate scale-up.

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Oil refinery wastewater treatment in biofilm reactor followed by sand filtration aiming water reuse

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2012.022 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 84-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Isabelli N. Dias ◽

Ana C. Cerqueira ◽

Geraldo L. Sant'Anna ◽

Marcia Dezotti

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Slow Rate ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Oil Refinery ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Refinery Wastewater ◽

Oil Refinery Wastewater

Oil refinery wastewater was sequentially treated in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a slow-rate sand filter (SF) in order to obtain an effluent with adequate characteristics for downstream reverse osmosis (RO) operation. Experiments were conducted in bench scale units and the results showed that the MBBR was able to remove 90% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 75% NH4+, 95% phenols, operating with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 h. Additional removal of COD (15–40%) and ammonia (30–60%) was achieved in the slow-rate SF that was also effective for removing microorganisms. The silt density index (SDI) of the treated wastewater (4.5) was below the maximum limit recommended for RO operation. The quality of the effluent from the combined treatment system (MBBR+SF) was already adequate for cooling tower make-up. The RO produced an effluent with quality compatible with that required for use in boilers.

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Removal of Dye and COD from Textile Wastewater Using AOP (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3)

Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development ◽

10.18502/jehsd.v3i4.223 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 621-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mehrangiz Pourgholi ◽

Reza Masoomi Jahandizi ◽

Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh ◽

Ommolbanin Hassan Beigi ◽

Samaneh Dehghan

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Dye Removal ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Advanced Oxidation ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Time Duration ◽

Batch System ◽

Industry Effluent

Introduction: Textile industry effluent is a complex sewage with chemical and color materials that is discharged into the environment and can cause serious problems. In this way using advanced oxidation methods and finding the best methods for removing color materials is necessary. An experimental method was done on Kashan textile industry effluent in laboratory scale and batch system. Material and Methods: Initially, optimal condition was obtained for O3 and H2O2 and followed by advanced oxidation methods (UV/O3, UV/H2O2, O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/O3) in different reaction times and pH on dye removal and COD (chemical oxygen demand) were determined. The results were compared with complex repetition method. Results: The results of this research showed that dye removal impact and COD based on the type of process and reaction time in UV/H2O2/O3 by 30 minute time duration, was the most effective method. UV/H2O2 in 10 minute time duration was the least effective method. COD and color removal, based on the process in UV/H2O2/O3 and pH = 6 was the most effective. The effect of UV/H2O2 and pH = 4 was the least efficient method on dye material removing. Results showed that the treatment time was effective on color removing (P < 0/001) statistically. Conclusion: It can be concluded that UV/H2O2/O3 was the most efficient on color removing process, compared to the others, due to co-incidence presence of strongly numerous oxidants and their aggravating effect through producing active hydroxyl radicals (OH˚).

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Enhancing treated wastewater effluent characteristics using hybrid biofilm/activated sludge process – a case study

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2020.074 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 217-227

Author(s):

Khalid Hassan ◽

Olfat Hamdy ◽

Mohamed Helmy ◽

Hossam Mostafa

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Hybrid Reactor ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

Fill Fraction ◽

Hydraulic Load

Abstract This paper documents the results of 12 months of monitoring of an upgraded hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (MBBR-CAS WWTP). It also targets the assessment of the increment of the hydraulic load on existing treatment units with a zero construction and land cost. The influent flow to the plant was increased from 21,000 m3 d−1 to 30,000 m3 d−1, 40% of the existing CAS reactor volume was used for the MBBR zone with a carrier fill fraction of 47.62% and with Headworks Bio ActiveCell™ 515 used as media; no modifications were made for the primary and secondary tanks. The hybrid reactor showed high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), with average effluent values recording 33.00 ± 8.87 mg L−1, 52.90 ± 9.65 mg L−1 and 29.50 ± 6.64 mg L−1 respectively. Nutrient removals in the hybrid modified biological reactor were moderate compared with carbon removal despite the high C/N ratio of 12.33. Findings in this study favor the application of MBBR in the upgrading of existing CAS plants with the plant BOD5 removal efficiency recording an increase of about 5% compared with the plant before upgrade and effluent values well within the legal requirements.

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Experimental Investigation of Chlorella vulgaris and Enterobacter sp. MN17 for Decolorization and Removal of Heavy Metals from Textile Wastewater

Water ◽

10.3390/w12113034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3034

Author(s):

Muhammad Mubashar ◽

Muhammad Naveed ◽

Adnan Mustafa ◽

Sobia Ashraf ◽

Khurram Shehzad Baig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Chlorella Vulgaris ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Coloring Agents

The present study evaluated the performance of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in an Enterobacter sp. MN17-assisted textile industry wastewater treatment system for decolorization, removal of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Different dilutions (5, 10, and 20%) of wastewater were prepared to decrease the pollutant toxicity for culturing microalgae and bacteria. Reduction of color, COD, and metal contents by microalgal treatment of wastewater varied greatly, while removal efficiency (RE) was significantly enhanced when endophytic bacterial strain MN17 inoculum was applied. Most notable, results were found at a 5% dilution level by Enterobacter sp. MN17-inoculated C. vulgaris medium, as chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) concentrations were decreased from 1.32 to 0.27 mg L−1 (79% decrease), 0.79–0.14 mg L−1 (93% decrease), 1.33–0.36 mg L−1 (72% decrease), and 1.2–0.25 mg L−1 (79% decrease), respectively. The values of COD and color were also significantly decreased by 74% and 70%, respectively, by a C. vulgaris–Enterobacter sp. MN17 consortium. The present investigation revealed that bacterial inoculation of microalgae significantly enhanced the removal of coloring agents and heavy metals from textile wastewater by stimulating the growth of algal biomass. This study manifested the usefulness of microalgae–bacterial mutualism for the remediation of heavy metals, COD, and color in industrial effluents. Microalgae consortia with growth promoting bacteria could be a breakthrough for better bioremediation and bioprocess economy. Thus, further studies are needed for successful integration of microalgae–plant growth promoting bacterial (PGPB) consortium for wastewater treatments.

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Decontamination of industrial textile wastewater using photocatalysis

DYNA ◽

10.15446/dyna.v83n196.47446 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 83 (196) ◽

pp. 80-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jose Herney Ramirez ◽

Hugo Ricardo Zea

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Total Surface Area ◽

Area Measurement ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Highly Active ◽

Before And After ◽

Photocatalytic Reactions

Iron-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation in order to study their photocatalytic activity in the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry. Characterization of the catalysts before and after reaction was performed using techniques including total surface area measurement, X-Ray diffraction and elemental analysis via X-Ray fluorescence. Varying pH conditions, H2O2 concentrations and catalyst quantities were evaluated during the photocatalytic reactions. Fe-TiO2 catalysts were shown to be highly active in the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (% COD) and % color reduction in the water treated.

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Textile Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: A Case Study

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7010034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 34 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hua Yin ◽

Peiwen Qiu ◽

Yuange Qian ◽

Zhuwen Kong ◽

Xiaolong Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Natural Waters ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Color Removal ◽

Combined Processes ◽

Sand Filtration ◽

Drinking Water Standard

The reduced natural waters and the large amount of wastewater produced by textile industry necessitate an effective water reuse treatment. In this study, a combined two-stage water reuse treatment was established to enhance the quality and recovery rate of reused water. The primary treatment incorporated a flocculation and sedimentation system, two sand filtration units, an ozonation unit, an ultrafiltration (UF) system, and a reverse osmosis (RO) system. The second treatment included an ozonation unit, a sand filtration unit, and UF and RO systems. The color removal rate increased with the increasing ozone dosage, and the relational expression between the ozone dosage and color removal rate was fitted. Ozonation greatly reduced the color by 92.59 and 97.27 times during the primary and second ozonation stages, respectively. RO had the highest removal rate. The combined processes showed good performance in water reuse treatment. The treated, reused water satisfied the reuse standard and surpassed the drinking water standard rates for chemical oxygen consumption (CODcr), color, NH3-N, hardness, Cl−, SO42−, turbidity, Fe3+, and Cu2+. The operating cost of reuse water treatment was approximately 0.44 USD·m−3.

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Recovery of Biologically Treated Textile Wastewater by Ozonation and Subsequent Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis Process

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11110900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 900

Author(s):

Burak Yuzer ◽

Huseyin Selcuk

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Textile Wastewater ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Bipolar Membrane ◽

Acid Base ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis ◽

Pre Treatment

The Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis process (BPMED) can produce valuable chemicals such as acid (HCl, H2SO4, etc.) and base (NaOH) from saline and brackish waters under the influence of an electrical field. In this study, BPMED was used to recover wastewater and salt in biologically treated textile wastewater (BTTWW). BPMED process, with and without pre-treatment (softening and ozonation), was evaluated under different operational conditions. Water quality parameters (color, remaining total organic carbon, hardness, etc.) in the acid, base and filtrated effluents of the BPMED process were evaluated for acid, base, and wastewater reuse purposes. Ozone oxidation decreased 90% of color and 37% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in BTTWW. As a result, dye fouling on the anion exchange membrane of the BPMED process was reduced. Subsequently, over 90% desalination efficiency was achieved in a shorter period. Generated acid, base, and effluent wastewater of the BPMED process were found to be reusable in wet textile processes. Results indicated that pre-ozonation and subsequent BPMED membrane systems might be a promising solution in converging to a zero discharge approach in the textile industry.

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