scholarly journals Evaluation of Hybrid Constructed Wetland Performance and Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Michal Šereš ◽  
Petra Innemanová ◽  
Tereza Hnátková ◽  
Miloš Rozkošný ◽  
Alexandros Stefanakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Fertilizing Effect ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater

Agriculture is being negatively affected by the decrease in precipitation that has been observed over the last few years. Even in the Czech Republic, farmers are being urged to irrigate their fields despite the fact that sources of water for irrigation are rapidly being depleted. This problem might be partially solved via the reuse of treated wastewater in certain agricultural sectors. However, the public perception of the reuse of wastewater remains negative primarily due to unknown risks to the environment and public health. To overcome this barrier, a semi-operated irrigation field was established at Kostelec nad Ohří in the Central Bohemian region of the Czech Republic and planted with common garden crops such as tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with two different water sources, i.e., treated wastewater from a local nature-based treatment system, a hybrid constructed wetland (HCW), and local fresh water from well. The HCW was put into operation in 2017 and was reconstructed in 2018 and includes both horizontal and vertical flow beds; the trial irrigation field was added in the same year. The reconstruction of the facility significantly enhanced the removal efficiency with respect to all monitored parameters, e.g., biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), N–NH4+, total N and the suspended solids (TSS), except for total P. The HCW also ensured the significant removal of several observed pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli, intestinal enterococci and thermotolerant coliforms). During the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, we observed the significantly enhanced growth of the crops irrigated with wastewater from the HCW due to the fertilizing effect. The risks associated with the contamination of crops irrigated with treated water are not negligible and it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to them, especially when introducing irrigation with wastewater into practice.

scholarly journals USING HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM IN THE TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER FOR AGRICULTURE PURPOSES

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahi & Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Real Wastewater ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater

 Reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation purpose can reduce high pressure on freshwater resources. A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) system filled with gravel and planted with Phragmites Australia was used to treat the real wastewater at Al-Rustumia wastewater treatment plant. Some characteristics of wastewater such as biochemical oxygen demand, phosphate and total suspended solids have been monitored from 15 January until 8 July 2018. The results proved that HSSF unit has a good efficacy in the reduction of previous parameters with removal of 84.2, 55.4 and 72.7% while sulphate and total dissolved solids were less removal efficiency with 3.3 and  0.99 % respectively. The measured values of these parameters were within the permissible limits suitable for irrigation purposes.

scholarly journals Analysis of the perceived condition of forests in the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 514-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Riedl ◽  
L. Šišák
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Public ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Realistic Perception ◽  
Opinion Polls

A realistic perception of the condition of forests, and the attributes of the forestry sector, by the public constitutes one of the basic prerequisites for successful implementation of forest policy in any country. Although data objectively demonstrate that the condition of Czech forests has improved, opinion polls show a gap between the public perception of the condition of Czech forests and the real status of these forests. The reasons for the discrepancy between reality and the perception of the public, and between the results of different surveys, are analysed. The most significant differences were found in perceptions of damage and threats to forests. The effectiveness of communication about forest policy is discussed, and some ways to create more effective communication are examined.

scholarly journals Cognitive Biases and Religious Belief: A path model replication in the Czech Republic and Slovakia with a focus on anthropomorphism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiyana Koka Willard ◽  
Lubomir Cingl ◽  
Ara Norenzayan
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Path Models ◽  
Supernatural Beliefs ◽  
Nationally Representative

A previous study explored the cognitive biases that underlie individual differences in supernatural beliefs using path models in samples of Canadian and Americans (Willard and Norenzayan, 2013). We replicated and extended these path models in new nationally representative samples from the Czech Republic and Slovakia (total N = 2022). As in the original model, we found that anthropomorphism was unrelated to belief in God, but was consistently related to paranormal beliefs. Living in a highly religious area was related to a lower tendency to anthropomorphize. We further examined this relationship and found that anthropomorphism is related to belief in God for non-religious participants only, and is inversely related to belief in God among religious Slovaks, but not religious Czechs. These findings suggest that religious beliefs and societal context can change the relationship between cognitive biases and supernatural beliefs.

Reuse of constructed wetland effluents for irrigation of energy crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1465-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barbagallo ◽  
A. C. Barbera ◽  
G. L. Cirelli ◽  
M. Milani ◽  
A. Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Arundo Donax ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Miscanthus Giganteus ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

The aim of this study was to evaluate biomass production of promising ‘no-food’ energy crops, Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash, Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu. and Arundo donax (L.), irrigated with low quality water at different evapotranspiration restitutions. Two horizontal subsurface flow (H-SSF) constructed wetland (CW) beds, with different operation life (12 and 6 years), were used to treat secondary municipal wastewaters for crop irrigation. Water chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as plant bio-agronomic characters were evaluated. The results confirm the high reliability of CWs for tertiary wastewater treatment given that the H-SSF1 treatment capacity remained largely unchanged after 12 years of operation. Average total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen removal for CWs were about 68, 58 and 71%, respectively. The Escherichia coli removal was satisfactory, about 3.3 log unit for both CW beds on average, but caution should be taken as this parameter did not achieve the restrictive Italian law limits for wastewater reuse. The average above-ground dry matter productions were 7 t ha−1 for Vetiveria zizanoides, 24 t ha−1 for Miscanthus × giganteus and 50 t ha−1 for Arundo donax. These results highlight attractive biomass yield by using treated wastewater for irrigation with a complete restitution of evapotranspiration losses.

scholarly journals Application of horizontal flow constructed wetland and solar driven disinfection technologies for wastewater treatment in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar Mishra ◽  
Philipp Otter ◽  
Reetika Shukla ◽  
Alexander Goldmaier ◽  
J. A. Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Electrolytic Production ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Filter Bed

Abstract The present study was conducted to treat primary and secondary treated sewage for its reuse in irrigation, soil enrichment and aquaculture activities. The study involves treatment of this sewage through a subsurface horizontal gravity-fed gravel filter bed with an area of 35 m2. The effluent was then subjected to filtration by zeolite medium and disinfection by inline electrolytic production of chlorine. In order to provide pathogen-free water, an anodic oxidation (AO) disinfection system was implemented, treating a flow of up to 10 m3/d. The gravity-driven constructed wetland and solar-driven disinfection systems were evaluated for their treatment capacity for various physico-chemical and biological parameters. The wetland removed almost 84% of the nitrate (NO3−) and 77% of the phosphate (PO43−). Five-day biological oxygen demand was reduced from 48 mg/l to 10 mg/l from the secondary treated wastewater. The wetland was able to remove 65–70% of bacteria in the wastewater, whereas the AO disinfection system removed the bacterial content to below the detection limit. The implementation of the systems will provide a suitable option for the treatment of wastewater in a very economical and sustainable way.

scholarly journals A study of the treatment of high-salt chromium-containing wastewater by the photocatalysis-constructed wetland combination method

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1956-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Li ◽  
Fengzhen Chen ◽  
Jianqiu Han
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
System A ◽  
Combination System

Abstract In this study, iron ore slag as the photocatalyst was introduced into a constructed wetland simulation system. A comparative experiment of the constructed wetland method and photocatalysis-constructed wetland combination method that treats the high-salt chromium-containing wastewater was carried out. The best hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the photocatalysis-constructed wetland combination system was studied. The effects of these two methods on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and Cr(VI) reduction rate of the high-salt chromium-containing wastewater were analysed after 14 periods. The results showed that under the optimal HRT of 4 hours, the COD and BOD5 of the wastewater reduced by 47% and 31%, and the reduction rate of Cr(VI) was 83% separately in the constructed wetland system. The COD and BOD5 of the wastewater reduced by 83% and 42%, and the reduction rate of Cr(VI) was 96% separately in the photocatalysis-constructed wetland combination method system. At the same time, the changes in plant parameters under these two systems were studied, and the results showed that the addition of photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide to constructed wetlands did not affect the normal indicators of plant growth. The results showed that the photocatalysis-constructed wetland combination method not only reduced the treatment time greatly, but also improved the quality of the treated wastewater significantly.

scholarly journals Cognitive Biases and Religious Belief: A Path Model Replication in the Czech Republic and Slovakia With a Focus on Anthropomorphism

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiyana K. Willard ◽  
Lubomír Cingl ◽  
Ara Norenzayan
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Belief In God ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Cultural Similarity

We examined cognitive biases that underlie individual differences in supernatural beliefs in nationally representative samples from the Czech Republic and Slovakia (total N = 2,022). These countries were chosen because of their differing levels of religious belief despite their cultural similarity. Replicating a previous study with North American samples, we found that anthropomorphism was unrelated to belief in God but was consistently related to paranormal beliefs. Living in a highly religious area was related to a lower tendency to anthropomorphize. We examined this relationship further to find that anthropomorphism was related to belief in God for nonreligious participants, was inversely related to belief in God among religious Slovaks, and not related for religious Czechs. These findings suggest that anthropomorphism predicts belief in God for people who are unaffiliated, but this relationship disappears or is reversed for religious believers participating in a Christian religious tradition.

scholarly journals Moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the western Hercynian mountains, Sokolov open-cast coal mines and dumps (Czech Republic)

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-292
Author(s):  
Jan Ježek ◽  
Jozef Oboňa ◽  
Ivo Přikryl ◽  
Blanka Mikátová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Open Cast

Abstract New faunistic data of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Western Bohemia are presented (266 sites explored in 1993-2010, incl. literary data). Altogether 96 species of moth flies (adults) of 36 genera (55 % of all species of the family known from the Czech Republic are known to occur in the western Hercynian mountains, Sokolov open-cast coal mines, dumps and adjacent localities. 26 of these species were classified in the national Red List 2005 of threatened invertebrates. Critically endangered species CR (14), endangered species EN (4), vulnerable species VU (8) and without a Red status so far are two species nationally scarce NS. An extreme water chemistry of some mine localities (pH, alkalinity, N-NH4+, N-NO3−, N org., total N, total P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl−, SO42−, Mn and conductivity) in a relation to collected adults were studied. The relationship between site altitude of all localities and the number of species as well as critically endangered species is accounted.

scholarly journals Security, Defence and Armed Forces - Public View

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
Frank Libor
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Opinion Polls ◽  
Opinion Polls

Abstract The paper deals with the interpretation of public opinion polls in the Czech Republic related to security, defence and armed forces. In recent years, we can observe concern about the security situation development in the relatively close vicinity of the Czech Republic. In particular, information regarding the activities of the so-called Islamic State, the conflict in Ukraine and media presentation of recent terrorist attacks, as well as the dominant securitization of migration, have a major impact on the public opinion and the level of support for specific steps of the government in the field of security and defence policy. In the surveys, we can trace not only the growing public concern, but also the increasing support for higher defence spending and possible reintroduction of some form of compulsory military service. Special attention is paid to the public perception of the armed forces and the interpretation of the latest public opinion polls at the turn of 2016/2017. The growing support for the military and the increasing willingness of the public to engage in the Active Reserve System are positive factors that can be used to meet the recruiting goals of the Czech Armed Forces.

scholarly journals Étude de la Performance du Dispositif de Traitement des Eaux UsÉes par Boues ActivÉes de la ville d’Al- Hoceima, Maroc

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Fouad Dimane ◽  
Khadija Haboubi ◽  
Issam Hanafi ◽  
Abdelouahad El Himri
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Al Hoceima ◽  
The City ◽  
Reuse Of Treated Wastewater

Morocco has taken over the desire to ensure sustainable development and to promote the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater. In this context, several sewage treatment plants were created, in order to protect the environment from direct discharges of wastewater, and to hope for the reuse of treated wastewater. The use of Activated sludge process in treating the wastewater has been the solution to many problems. In order to evaluate the performance of wastewater treatment plant of the city of Al-Hoceima (North of Morocco). We studied the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters; we carried out a series of measures such as: temperature, pH and conductivity, the biochemical oxygen demand BOD5, the chemical oxygen demands COD, fecal coliforms (FC) and total coliforms (TC). Measurement of the BOD5, COD and TSS yields values give respectively 96%, 95% and 85%. The tests showed that the treated water can be obtained with a quality complying with the agricultural reuse.

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