scholarly journals Designing a Flood Storage Option on Agricultural Land: What Can Flood Risk Managers Learn from Drought Management?

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2604
Author(s):  
Rosalind H. Bark
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Drought Management ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Local Impacts ◽  
Controlled Flooding ◽  
Risk Managers

The increasing probability of loss and damage to floods is a global concern. Countries are united by an urgent need to reduce flood risk to households, businesses, agricultural land, and infrastructure. As natural and engineered protection erodes with climate change and development pressures, new approaches to flood risk management delivered at the catchment scale that work with nature hold promise. One nature-based solution that aligns with this Special Issue on river flooding is the temporary storage of floodwaters on the floodplain. In many countries, this would involve controlled flooding inland low-lying agricultural land. Designing schemes that farmers and irrigation districts will adopt is essential. To inform future floodplain storage options, we review farm-centred drought management, specifically, agreements that transfer agricultural water to municipalities through fallowing in California, USA and an Australian farm exit scheme. These initiatives reveal underpinning principles around the need to: balance the multiple objectives of the parties, share the benefits and responsibilities, address local impacts and practical guidance on incentive design including the consideration of conditional participation requirements and responding to farmer and public preferences. In terms of funding there is opportunity for blended financing with flood-prone communities, insurers, and conservation charities.

scholarly journals GIS-Based Climate Change Induced Flood Risk Mapping in Uhunmwonde Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Obot Akpan Ibanga ◽  
Osaretin Friday Idehen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Risk Mapping ◽  
Risk Zone ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Risk Zones

Introduction: Flood is one of the climate change induced hazards occurring in most parts of the world. It exposes humanity and many socio-ecological systems to various levels of risks. In Nigeria, extreme rainfall events and poor drainage system have caused inundation of several settlements to flooding. To contain the disaster, risk mapping were among the measures recommended. Aims: The aim of this paper is to highlight flood risk zones (FRZ) in Uhunmwonde Local Government Area (LGA), Edo State, Nigeria. Methodology: Flood risk (FR) was mapped using hazards and vulnerability and implemented using geographic information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria analysis analytic hierarchy process (MCA-AHP) framework by incorporating seven environmental and two socio-economic factors. Elevation, flow accumulation, soil water index of wettest quarter, normalized difference vegetation index, rainfall of wettest quarter, runoff of wettest quarter and distance from rivers constituted the hazard component while population density and area of agricultural land use was the vulnerability layer. The climate change induced flood risk was validated using the responses of 150 residents in high, moderate and low flood risk zones. Results: The resulting flood risk map indicated that about 40.4% of Uhunmwonde LGA fell within high flood risk zone, 35.3% was categorized under moderate flood risk zone whereas low flood risk zone extended up to about 24.3% of the LGA. The high number of respondents who reported occurrence of flooding with frequency being very often and the fact that flooding was a very serious environmental threat during on-the-spot field assessment validated the generated climate change induced flood risk. Conclusion: The utilitarian capabilities of GIS-based MCA-AHP framework in integrating remotely-sensed biophysical and climate change related flood inducing indicators with socio-economic vulnerabilities to arrive at composite flood risk was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Flood risk mapping and crop-water loss modeling using water footprint analysis in agricultural watershed, northern Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maziar Mohammadi ◽  
Hamid Darabi ◽  
Fahimeh Mirchooli ◽  
Alireza Bakhshaee ◽  
Ali Torabi Haghighi
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Very High

Abstract Spatial information on flood risk and flood-related crop losses is important in flood mitigation and risk management in agricultural watersheds. In this study, loss of water bound in agricultural products following damage by flooding was calculated using water footprint and agricultural statistics, using the Talar watershed, northern Iran, as a case. The main conditioning factors on flood risk (flow accumulation, slope, land use, rainfall intensity, geology, and elevation) were rated and combined in GIS, and a flood risk map classified into five risk classes (very low to very high) was created. Using average crop yield per hectare, the amount of rice and wheat products under flood risk was calculated for the watershed. Finally, the spatial relationships between agricultural land uses (rice and wheat) and flood risk areas were evaluated using geographically weighted regression (GWR) in terms of local R2 at sub-watershed scale. The results showed that elevation was the most critical factor for flood risk. GWR results indicated that local R2 between rice farms and flood risk decreased gradually from north to south in the watershed, while no pattern was detected for wheat farms. Potential production of rice and wheat in very high flood risk zones was estimated to be 7972 and 18,860 tons, on an area of 822 ha and 7218 ha, respectively. Loss of these crops to flooding meant that approximately 34.04 and 12.10 million m3 water used for production of wheat and rice, respectively, were lost. These findings can help managers, policymakers, and watershed stakeholders achieve better crop management and flood damage reduction.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Risk Assessment Model for Scotland: I. Nitrogen leaching

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Dunn ◽  
A. J. A. Vinten ◽  
A. Lilly ◽  
J. DeGroote ◽  
M. A. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Residual N

Abstract. The Nitrogen Risk Assessment Model for Scotland (NIRAMS) has been developed for prediction of streamwater N concentrations draining from agricultural land in Scotland. The objective of the model is to predict N concentrations for ungauged catchments, to fill gaps in monitoring data and to provide guidance in relation to policy development. The model uses nationally available data sets of land use, soils, topography and meteorology and has been developed within a Geographic Information System (GIS). The model includes modules to calculate N inputs to the land, residual N remaining at the end of the growing season, weekly time-series of leached N and transport of N at the catchment scale. This paper presents the methodology for calculating N balances for different land uses and for predicting the time sequence of N leaching after the end of the growing season. Maps are presented of calculated residual N and N leaching for the whole of Scotland and the spatial variability in N leaching is discussed. The results demonstrate the high variability in N leaching across Scotland. The simulations suggest that, in the areas with greatest residual N, the losses of N are not directly proportional to the amount of residual N, because of their coincidence with lower rainfall. In the companion paper, the hydrological controls on N transport within NIRAMS are described, and results of the full model testing are presented. Keywords: nitrogen, diffuse pollution, agriculture, leaching, land use, model, national, catchment

scholarly journals The contribution of soil structural degradation to catchment flooding: a preliminary investigation of the 2000 floods in England and Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. Holman ◽  
J. M. Hollis ◽  
M. E. Bramley ◽  
T. R. E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Structural Degradation ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. During the autumn of 2000, England and Wales experienced the wettest conditions for over 270 years, causing significant flooding. The exceptional combination of a wet spring and autumn provided the potential for soil structural degradation. Soils prone to structural degradation under five common lowland cropping systems (autumn-sown crops, late-harvested crops, field vegetables, orchards and sheep fattening and livestock rearing systems) were examined within four catchments that experienced serious flooding. Soil structural degradation of the soil surface, within the topsoil or at the topsoil/subsoil junction, was widespread in all five cropping systems, under a wide range of soil types and in all four catchments. Extrapolation to the catchment scale suggests that soil structural degradation may have occurred on approximately 40% of the Severn, 30–35 % of the Yorkshire Ouse and Uck catchments and 20% of the Bourne catchment. Soil structural conditions were linked via hydrological soil group, soil condition and antecedent rainfall conditions to SCS Curve Numbers to evaluate the volume of enhanced runoff in each catchment. Such a response at the catchment-scale is only likely during years when prolonged wet weather and the timing of cultivation practices lead to widespread soil structural degradation. Nevertheless, an holistic catchment-wide approach to managing the interactions between agricultural land use and hydrology, allowing appropriate runoff (and consequent flooding) to be controlled at source, rather than within the floodplain or the river channel, should be highlighted in catchment flood management plans. Keywords: flooding, soil structure, land management, Curve Number, runoff, agriculture

Nature-Based Solutions: Dependency of Effectiveness on Spatial Configuration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
The Impact

<p>Several recent large flood events have had severe economic and social impacts. The winter 2015-16 UK floods resulted in 16,000 properties flooding and damage to critical infrastructure. It is increasingly being recognised that traditional approaches of flood defence are not sustainable due to the pressures of climate change and economic constraints. The solution to the flood risk problem in cities is no longer seen as being just on-site, and thinking is shifting upstream and to the catchment/landscape scales, known as Nature-Based Solutions or Natural Flood Management (NFM). The approach consists of measures that “Work with Natural Processes”, such as storing water in ponds, and slowing the flow in rivers. The evidence for the impacts is strong at the local scale, but the larger spatial scale impact is highly uncertain due to the cumulative impacts resulting from amplifying/mitigating effects of different interventions, controlled by spatial location and storm-track interaction.</p><p>To date, Nature-Based Solution schemes have proceeded on an opportunistic basis, without a clear design strategy (which measure and where to implement it). However, if schemes are implemented without clear understanding of their impacts, they may, at best, fail to achieve the optimum flood reduction benefit downstream, or, at worst, make flooding more severe (if implemented in inappropriate locations, when tributaries’ flows are synchronised).  </p><p><span>Impacts of NFM measures are spatially and temporally dependent i.e. the same intervention in two locations will have different effects on flows, and the same intervention will have different impacts during different storm events. Therefore, it is essential that when strategically designing NFM schemes for catchments, that WHERE? and WHAT? are answered together to optimise the impact, as it is possible that whilst upstream NFM may be beneficial locally it may make tributary peaks coincide and make flood magnitudes worse downstream. Here we demonstrate the importance of the spatial configuration of Nature-Based Solutions on their catchment scale effectiveness in reducing flood risk.</span></p>

scholarly journals The effects of river restoration on catchment scale flood risk and flood hydrology

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 997-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Dixon ◽  
David A. Sear ◽  
Nicholas A. Odoni ◽  
Tim Sykes ◽  
Stuart N. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
River Restoration ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Flood Hydrology

scholarly journals Soil Erosion and Sediment Deposition Modelling at the Small Catchment Scale

Geografie ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Vysloužilová ◽  
Zdeněk Kliment
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Erosion Models ◽  
Deposition Processes ◽  
Gis Environment

Water erosion is considered to be the most important factor behind the degradation of agricultural land. Many methods of measuring soil erosion processes, using mathematical models, have been developed in recent years. The most widespread of these, USLE, and its modifications have been used as the basis for new erosion models. Two such models, USPED (Mitášová et al. 1996) and WaTEM/SEDEM (Van Rompaey et al. 2001; Van Oost et al. 2000; Verstraeten et al. 2002), have been utilized to study erosion and deposition processes in the experimental rural catchment of Černičí. River sediment transport is also calculated using the WaTEM/ SEDEM model. The results are discussed with results from USLE and a field survey. The article also presents brief instructions for implementing the models in a GIS environment.

A comparison of N and P inputs to the soil from fertilizers and manures summarized at farm and catchment scale

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. DOMBURG ◽  
A. C. EDWARDS ◽  
A. H. SINCLAIR
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
North East ◽  
Livestock Density ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Farm Types ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Use of fertilizers and manures during 1994 were studied at the farm and catchment scale in the largely agricultural Ythan catchment, north-east Scotland, using farm level census data supplemented by questionnaire data. Grassland accounted for 40% of the agricultural land, and seven farm types represented 87% of the total land, having an average size of 90 ha. The average livestock density of 1·2 livestock units/ha was high compared to Scotland as a whole (0·5). Rates of inorganic fertilizer applied to individual crops in the area corresponded with the national average and current advisory recommendations. At the catchment scale, most fertilizer N was applied to grassland (47%), whereas spring crops received the greatest proportion of the fertilizer P (35%). The annual manure production equated to an average over the catchment of 63 and 16 kg/ha of N and P, respectively. When calculated for farm types these figures ranged from 27 and 6 kg/ha on ‘cereal’ farms to 384 and 163 kg/ha on ‘pig’ farms. The ratio of applied fertilizer N and P varied from 4[ratio ]1 for ‘general cropping’ to 10[ratio ]1 for ‘cattle and sheep (lowground)’ farms. There was no significant compensatory reduction in inorganic fertilizer applications on crops, which also had received manures.

scholarly journals Brief communication: Comparing hydrological and hydrogeomorphic paradigms for global flood hazard mapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Di Baldassarre ◽  
Fernando Nardi ◽  
Antonio Annis ◽  
Vincent Odongo ◽  
Maria Rusca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Hazard Mapping ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Floodplain Mapping

Abstract. Global floodplain mapping has rapidly progressed over the past few years. Different methods have been proposed to identify areas prone to river flooding, resulting in a plethora of available products. Here we assess the potential and limitations of two main paradigms and provide guidance on the use of these global products in assessing flood risk in data-poor regions.

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