Instrumental Diagnosis Methods for ENT Diseases

Author(s):  
Petr Arkadiyevich Ilyin

As with any other clinical discipline, otorhinolaryngology uses both simple investigation methods including external examination of ENT organs with an otoscope, rhinoscope and laryngoscope, and more complex ones requiring the use of special devices and equipment. The latter include X-ray examination, US diagnostics, endomicroscopy of the nose and paranasal sinuses, CT and MRI (in case the study of soft tissue formations is needed). To study the auditory analyser functions and the labyrinth state, a number of functional tests are performed including stabilometry or postulography. Audiometry is performed with electroacoustic instruments and can be subjective and objective. Impedancometry, a method of objective hearing assessment, based on measuring the acoustic resistance of a soundconducting device, is used to determine the location and nature of the auditory system disorders. All these methods help establish the correct diagnosis, clarify the localisation of the pathological process and prescribe the correct treatment.

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Syeda Asiya Butool ◽  
◽  
Nitin Kararia ◽  
Shyam Aggrawal ◽  
Rachit Mathu ◽  
...  

Abstract: Internal resorption is an asymptomatic condition in teeth seen with past history of injury. In the crown it has a clinical observation of pink mark. It is diagnosed by chance on an x-ray examination. Primal detection and resorption treatment improves prognosis of the condition. Resorption can be broadly classified into normal physiological or pathological process associated with extensive damage to hard structures of tooth such as dentin, cementum and bone. Proper diagnosis of resorption and differentiation of resorption from internal and external resorption by radiographic presentation and the correct diagnosis and treatment planning improves the prognosis of the condition. Untreated cases will cause loss or early exfoliation of the afflicted tooth [1].


2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Valery Smirnov ◽  
Maria Savvova ◽  
Viktor Smirnov

Traditional X-ray methods identify general signs of a dystrophic process in 82.2% of cases but they do not provide suffi cient information about the nature of a pathological process, lesion prevalence and localization, a level and a degree of compression of neurological and vascular elements of the vertebral canal. Specifi city of X-ray imaging in the identifi cation of a dystrophic process nature is just 47.8%. X-ray imaging and T1-,T2-weighted MRI are enough for examining patients with discogenic changes of the vertebral segments; their combined results are highly effective (99.4%). Spiral CT and MRI are complementary methods for the examination of patients with dystrophic diseases of the lumbar spine; when used together their eff ectiveness reaches 95.4%. The comparative assessment of sensitivity, specifi city and accuracy of modern methods of X-ray diagnostics, development of an algorithm of the examination of patients with dystrophic diseases of the lumbar spine were performed on the basis of the study results.


MedAlliance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-71

Purpose of the study. Systematize Rg, CT and MRI semi-otics of destructive processes in flat and spongy bones in children and determine the diagnostic significance of various X-ray signs for differentiating tuberculosis and other destructive processes and the statistical relation-ship between them. Material and methods. 123 children with suspected tuberculous osteitis were selected for the study. Tuberculous osteomyelitis was detected in 80 (65.1%) patients, nonspecific osteomyelitis in 27 (21.9%), non-bacterial osteomyelitis and oncological processes in 8 (6.5%), respectively. Results. Fistulous process is more common in tuberculous osteomyelitis. Temperature rise to febrile numbers — in patients with nonspecific osteo-myelitis. Their combination was found only with tubercu-losis. Tuberculosis was characterized by large (>10 mm), single cavities with a clear contour, with the presence of sequesters. Nonspecific osteomyelitis was characterized by smaller (5–10 mm), single cavities without destroying the cortical closing plate. In case of non-bacterial osteo-myelitis, multiple cavities with a clear contour, with the presence of sequesters, were more oftenly detected. Oncological processes were characterized by swelling of the bone with the presence of periostitis, as well as large single cavities with a clear contour, with sclerotic chan-ges in the surrounding bone tissue. In some cases, a solid component in soft tissues was visualized. Conclusion.The radiological and cli nical picture is often non-specific for the pathology in question, however, the identification of some symptoms makes it possible to suspect a certain pathological process with a certain degree of probability, which ultimately should lead to a shortening of the diag-nostic pause


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wójcicka ◽  
Andrzej Pogorzelski

A cough lasting longer than 4-8 weeks, defined as chronic cough, always requires thorough diagnostic evaluation. In addition to detailed history-taking and physical examination, simple and available diagnostic methods, such as chest x-ray and spirometry, should be performed. They may be helpful tool to establish the underlying cause of cough. Many younger children may have difficulties in performing the forced expiratory maneuvers and fulfilling repeatability criteria for spirometry. The disturbances resulting from insufficient cooperation should be considered in interpratation of the obtained results. The shape of the flow-volume curve, which suggests upper or central airways obstruction, can not be ignored and always requires further investigation for diagnosis of respiratory pathology. The chest x-ray is the most frequently performed radiographic examination in children. Accurate interpretation is essential in reaching a correct diagnosis. Mediastinal widening on the chest x-ray in children can occur due to a large variety of causes. The normal thymus can take on a variety of sizes and shapes and still be considered normal in the first few years of life. In older children mediastinal widening should be differentiated from mediastinal masses. Lymph node enlargement represents a frequent cause, usually as a result of infection or malignancy. The article reports a case of a 12-year-old boy with chronic cough, mediastinal widening on the chest X-ray and abnormal spirometry results, who was finally diagnosed with stage III Hodgkin’s lymphoma.


2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
M.K. Soboleva ◽  
◽  
E.A. Maslova ◽  

The article presents a clinical case report of hypophosphatasia, a rare congenital genetically determined disease diagnosed in a boy at the age of 3 years and 6 months. The diagnostic search took more than 2 years before the correct diagnosis was made, which is explained by the rarity of the disease and the lack of doctors awareness about it. The pathology was suspected on the basis of a combination of clinical evidence and characteristic complaints (early loss of primary teeth with an unchanged root, rickets-like skeletal deformities, motility disorders) in combination with a pathologically low level of alkaline phosphatase. The detection of mutations characteristic of the disease in the ALPL gene in the boy, his mother and father made it possible to finally confirm the diagnosis. The patient received a 7-month course of enzyme replacement therapy with Asfotase alfa, which significantly slowed down the progression of the disease and was not accompanied by the development of side effects. A feature of the patient's disease is the involvement of the urinary system in the pathological process, which is manifested by hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis and decreased renal function.


Author(s):  
Yakhya M. Yakhyaev ◽  
M. I. Izrailov ◽  
V. N. Merkulov ◽  
A. M. Aliskandiev ◽  
T. Ya. Yakhyaeva

X-ray diagnostics of compression fractures of bodies of the thoracic vertebrae in children not seldom causes great difficulties due to the fact that even in healthy children vertebrae have a number of features, particularly, the wedge shape. For the purpose of differential diagnosis there was performed chest X-ray examination of the thoracic vertebrae in healthy children and cases after the compression damage. The wedge index and the disk coefficient for various segments of the thoracic spine were calculated. The diagnostic efficiency of radionuclide studies was estimated to reaches 79%. The useof highly informative modern medical techniques (CT and MRI) in the diagnosis of vertebral compression fractures in children allows accurately and timely make the diagnosis and determine the condition of the surrounding tissues. Based on the analysis of medical records, radiographs, identification of options of radionuclide, CT and MRI studies, there was elaborated an algorithm for the diagnosis of compression fractures of vertebrae, which allowed optimize the diagnostic process. There are determined advantages of this algorithm.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
G. F. Allakhverdieva ◽  
G. Т. Sinyukova ◽  
V. N. Sholokhov ◽  
Т. Yu. Danzanova ◽  
О. А. Saprina ◽  
...  

The study objective is to assess the capabilities of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and in the evaluation of treatment efficacy (changes in tumor volume).Materials and methods. This study included 98 patients (27 (27.5 %) females and 71 (72.5 %) males aged between 20 and 78 years with oropharyngeal tumors; of them, 12 (12.2 %) patients had recurrent tumors. Sixty-seven (68.4 %) participants had their tumors located in the tonsils; 31 (31.6 %) patients had tumors of the root of the tongue; 47 (48.0 %) patients presented with tumors invading adjacent tissues; 57 (58.2 %) patients had their lymph nodes involved. Thirty-two patients were operated at the first stage of treatment, whereas 66 (67.3 %) individuals received induction chemotherapy followed by sequential chemoradiotherapy. Treatment efficacy was evaluated 2 weeks following the completion of the second course of induction chemotherapy. We assessed tumor volume, its structure, type and intensity of vascularization, and the number and size of lymph nodes affected by metastasis. Ultrasonography findings were compared with the results of fibroscopy, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 2 weeks following the completion of the second course of induction chemotherapy (no later than 7–10 days).Results. The disagreement between histology and ultrasonography findings reflecting tumor volume (of either newly diagnosed or recurrent tumor) was statistically insignificant. The results of X-ray CT were more likely to be in agreement with histology than the ultrasonography results (85.0 % vs 70.0 %); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Data of X-ray CT and ultrasonography on the tumor volume demonstrated no significant difference between them. MRI and ultrasonography findings on the tumor volume were consistent in 50 % of cases. We identified the most common changes in the structure of the oropharyngeal tumors typical of positive and negative dynamics after 2 courses of induction chemotherapy. Patients with positive dynamics demonstrated a significant decrease in tumor volume detected by all diagnostic methods used (ultrasonography, X-ray CT, and MRI). There was a significant negative correlation between the efficacy of treatment assessed by ultrasonography and the grade of therapeutic pathomorphosis assessed by histology (r = –0.69; р = 0.0014).Conclusion. The accuracy of ultrasonography for the estimation of oropharyngeal tumor volume and its spread is comparable with that of X-ray CT and MRI. The disagreement between these methods was statistically insignificant. Ultrasonography is a more sensitive method for the evaluation of patient response to treatment than clinical data.


2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Aba Vitėnas

Aba VitėnasVšĮ Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės "Santariškių klinikos"Centro filialas, Radiologijos skyrius,Žygimantų g. 3, LT–01102, VilniusEl. paštas [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Plaučių disontogeniniai navikai – hamartomos – yra dažniausi iš visų periferinių nepiktybinių rutulinių plaučių darinių. Endobronchinė centrinė hamartoma (epistoma) pasitaiko labai retai. Kremzlinės struktūros plaučių hamartomos – chondrohamartomos ir osteochondrohamartomos – yra dažniausios. Darbo tikslas – apibūdinti plaučių hamartomas, sukonkretinti jų rentgenologinius diferencinės diagnostikos žymenis ir tuo remiantis – klasifikaciją. Ligoniai ir metodai Plaučių hamartomos buvo nustatytos 43 ligoniams – 16–78 metų 28 vyrams ir 15 moterų. Visiems ligoniams atliktas kompleksinis radiologinis tyrimas – polipozicinė rentgenoskopija, rentgenografija, tomografija, skaitmeninė fluorografija, kompiuterinė tomografija. Bronchoskopija ir biopsija padaryta 31 ligoniui. Buvo atliekami ir kiti tyrimai: ultragarsinis, funkciniai plaučių mėginiai, specifinės laboratorinės reakcijos diferencinei diagnostikai nuo plaučių tuberkuliozės, kolagenozės, echinokokozės, alergozės. Rezultatai 42 ligoniams diagnozuota periferinė ir vienam – centrinė hamartoma. Tipinė plaučių hamartomos lokalizacija – dešiniojo plaučio apatinė skiltis (21 ligonis, arba 49%). Centrinė endobronchinė hamartoma diagnozuota 42 metų ligoniui, ilgai sirgusiam lėtiniu bronchitu ir dažnai plaučių uždegimu. Operuota 30 ligonių. Devyni ligoniai iš 13 neoperuotųjų stebėti nuo 1 iki 14 metų. Periferinės hamartomos dažniausiai buvo besimptomės. 23 ligoniams hamartoma nustatyta atsitiktinai profilaktiškai tiriant plaučius dėl įvairių pilvo organų ligų arba atliekant fluorografinį tyrimą. Kitiems tirtiesiems hamartoma buvo diagnozuota sergant plaučių ligomis, tuberkulioze, alergoze, kolagenoze, įvairiais navikais. Dvylikai ligonių nepiktybinio plaučių naviko, arba hamartomos, diagnozė buvo tiksliai nustatyta poliklinikoje. Devyniems buvo įtartas pirminis vėžys arba metastazė, šešiems – specifinis infiltratas arba tuberkuloma, vienam – eozinofilinis infiltratas, vienam – echinokokas. Hamartoma 31 ligoniui buvo dešiniajame, 12 – kairiajame plautyje. Rentgenogramoje periferinė hamartoma buvo matoma apskritos formos ir ryškių kontūrų. Jos rentgenologinė struktūra buvo nevienoda. Šviesi (nekalcifikuota) hamartoma buvo matoma 14 ligonių. Kitiems 28 ligoniams diagnozuota kalcifikuota (inkrustuota arba tamsi) hamartoma, t. y. hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma, osteochondrohamartoma). Išvados Nors plaučių hamartomos auga labai lėtai, pasitaiko labai greitai progresuojančių: 3 ligoniams, arba 7%, hamartomos per metus padidėjo iki 50%. Dažniausias jų variantas – hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma). Piktybinių hamartomų nediagnozuota. Pagal neoplazinės kalcinozės laipsnį plaučių hamartomos radiologiškai skirstomos į tris variantus: šviesas, inkrustuotas ir tamsias. Radiologai gali diferencijuoti dažniausius plaučių hamartomų variantus, tarp jų chondrohamartomas ir osteochondrohamartomas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: disontogeniniai plaučių navikai, disembriomos, periferiniai plaučių navikai, hamartomos, hamartochondromos, neoplazinė kalcinozė, rentgenodiagnostika Diagnostics of pulmonary chondrohamartomas Aba Vitėnas Background / objective Hamartomas, as dysontogenic tumours, are most common among all peripheral non-malignant "spheral" pulmonary formations. Endobronchial central hamartoma is rare and is usually diagnosed as "epystoma" (bronchial obturator). Among peripheral hamartomas, tumours of cartilaginous structure (chondrohamartomas and ostheochondrohamartomas) are particularly common. The objective of the work was to describe pulmonary hamartomas and to concretize most common variations of hamartoma and their different radiological signs. Patients and methods Forty-three patients were diagnosed with pulmonary hamartoma (28 males and 15 females, 16–78 years old). In the hospital, clinical and laboratory tests were performed for all patients; complex radiological examination: polypositional X-ray radioscopy, radiography, tomography, digital fluorography, computed tomography. Thirty-one patients underwent bronchoscopy and biopsy, sonoscopy, functional lung tests, specific reactions. Results Forty-two patients had peripheral and one central hamartoma. The most typical localization of pulmonary hamartoma was the lower lobe of the right lung (21 patients, 49%). A central endobronchial hamartoma was diagnosed for a 42-year-old patient who had been ill for a long time with chronic bronchitis and frequent pneumonias. 30 pacients were operated one. From 13 non-operated patients, 9 were followed up in dynamics for 1–14 years. Peripheral hamartoma usually was asymptomatic. Twenty-three patients were diagnosed occasionaly during preventive pulmonary evaluation in case of different abdominal diseases or during fluorography. The others diagnosed as having hamartoma were ill with lung diseases, TBC, alergosis, collagenosis, different tumours. In out-patient settings, correct diagnosis of benign tumour or hamartoma was established for 12 patients, 9 were suspected as having cancer or metastases, 6 – specific infiltrate (tuberculoma), 1 – eosinophilic infiltrate and 1 – echinococcus; 31 patient had the tumour in the right, and 12 patients in the left lung. Radiologically, hamartoma is a spheric tumour with clear margins. As to the structure of the tumour, 14 patients had non-calcificated, "light" hamartoma, 28 had calcificated, "inlaid" and "hard" hamartochondroma. Thus, neoplastic calcinosis is characteristic of chondrohamartomas (osteochondrohamartomas) and occurs twice as often as hamartomas of other types. Conclusions Althought hamartomas grow very slowly, there were rapidly increasing ones: for 3 patients (7%) the volume of hamartoma increased by 50% in a year. The most common type was hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma). There were no malignant hamartomas. Therefore radiologists can diagnose most common variations of hamartomas as "light", "inlaid" and "hard" ones. Keywords: dysontogenous pulmonary tumours, dysembriomas, peripheral pulmonary tumours, hamartomas, hamartochondromas, neoplastic calcinosis, radiological diagnostics


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying X Gue ◽  
Rahim Kanji ◽  
Sabiha Gati ◽  
Diana A Gorog

MI with non-obstructive coronary artery (MINOCA) is a condition previously thought to be benign that has recently been shown to have comparable mortality to that of acute coronary syndrome with obstructive coronary disease. The heterogeneity of the underlying aetiology makes the assessment, investigation and treatment of patients with MINOCA challenging. The majority of patients with MINOCA presenting with ST-segment elevation MI generally have an underlying coronary or myocardial cause, predominantly plaque disruption or myocarditis. In order to make the correct diagnosis, in addition to the cause of the presentation, a meticulous and methodical approach is required, with targeted investigations. Stratification of patients to guide investigations that are more likely to provide the diagnosis will allow the correct treatment to be initiated promptly. In this article, the authors review the contemporary incidence, aetiology, recommended assessment and treatment of patients with MINOCA presenting with ST-segment elevation MI.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
Igor Shlyakhovskiy

Abstract Background We present a clinical case of a patient with acute perforated appendicitis complicated by empyema in a false left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Methods Patient K. 21 L. taken by ambulance to the intensive care unit. X-ray conclusion—the rupture of the left dome of the diaphragm to the infringement of the colon. The patient urgently operated. The defect of the diaphragm size 10,0х6,5cm. There is a lack in the abdominal cavity of small and large intestine, and spleen. The diagnosis—gangrenous perforated appendicitis in the left pleural cavity, empyema. Performed appendectomy, diaphragm was sutured. 5 days after surgery performed videothoracoscopy Results The patient is in satisfactory condition was discharged from hospital 32 days after admission. Conclusion Polypositional x-ray examination of the chest and abdominal cavity and active surgical tactics has allowed to establish the correct diagnosis and resulted in a favorable outcome. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


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