The use of the immunomodulating effects of Immunomax® in the practice of a therapist

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
O. Gizinger
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Secondary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immunodeficiency States

The analysis of the clinical and immunological effectiveness of the drug Immunomax® in the treatment of chronic diseases of bacterial, viral, or mixed etiology. Analysis of bibliographic systems shows an increase in publications devoted to the analysis of the clinical and immunological efficacy of the Immunomax® drug, which indicates the attention of researchers to this immunomodulator, the validity of its use in dysfunctions of factors of innate and adaptive immunity arising from bacterial and viral infections, secondary immunodeficiency states with impaired killer, phagocytic functions of secretory mechanisms, the process of generating and maintaining the balance of cytokines.

scholarly journals Directed attenuation to enhance vaccine immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1008602
Author(s):  
Rustom Antia ◽  
Hasan Ahmed ◽  
James J. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines

Many viral infections can be prevented by immunizing with live, attenuated vaccines. Early methods of attenuation were hit-and-miss, now much improved by genetic engineering. However, even current methods operate on the principle of genetic harm, reducing the virus’s ability to grow. Reduced viral growth has the undesired side-effect of reducing the host immune response below that of infection with wild-type. Might some methods of attenuation instead lead to an increased immune response? We use mathematical models of the dynamics of virus with innate and adaptive immunity to explore the tradeoff between attenuation of virus pathology and immunity. We find that modification of some virus immune-evasion pathways can indeed reduce pathology yet enhance immunity. Thus, attenuated vaccines can, in principle, be directed to be safe yet create better immunity than is elicited by the wild-type virus.

scholarly journals Aging and Options to Halt Declining Immunity to Virus Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Palacios-Pedrero ◽  
Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus ◽  
Tanja Becker ◽  
Husni Elbahesh ◽  
Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections

Immunosenescence is a process associated with aging that leads to dysregulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity, which may become dysfunctional. Consequently, older adults show increased severity of viral and bacterial infections and impaired responses to vaccinations. A better understanding of the process of immunosenescence will aid the development of novel strategies to boost the immune system in older adults. In this review, we focus on major alterations of the immune system triggered by aging, and address the effect of chronic viral infections, effectiveness of vaccination of older adults and strategies to improve immune function in this vulnerable age group.

scholarly journals Pleiotropic effects of PPAR-α – from benchside to bedside

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-454
Author(s):  
I. V. Shirinsky ◽  
V. S. Shirinsky
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies

Here we review literature data on properties of a member of nuclear hormone receptors - peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. It was shown that PPARα was expressed on different cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, B- and T-cells. We discuss structure of natural and synthetic ligands of PPARa, molecular and cellular mechanisms of PPARa regulation of lipid and carbohydrate cellular metabolism. PPARa activity in hepatocytes results in decrease of intracellular concentrations of lipid acids. This leads to reduction of VLDL cholesterol, increase in HDL-cholesterol and decrease in triglycerides in plasma of patients taking PPARα agonists. Modulation of PPARa activity may change multiple biological effects of glucocorticoids (GCS) and insulin resistance. It is assumed that PPARα agonists reduce side effects of GCS and at the same time enhance their anti-inflammatory activity due to transrepression of NF-kB. We analyzed the results of several randomized studies, meta-analyses devoted to assessment of efficacy and safety of PPARa agonist fenofibrate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with high risk of micro- and macrovascular events. The studies showed good safety profile of monotherapy with fibrates as well as of their combinations with statins, ezetimibe. Fibrates reduced not only cardiovascular events but also overall mortality. We present the data on the role of PPARa in control of glucose and lipid metabolism in subpopulations of innate and adaptive immunity cells. The data show that glucose and lipid metabolism play an important role in the fate of cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The metabolic state of lymphocytes has dynamic nature and depends on their functional activity. Transition from dormant cells with relatively low metabolism rate to activated and proliferating cells is accompanied with increase of metabolic demands. This transition is supported with the switch from oxidative metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) after antigen recognition by T-cells and B-cells. It was shown that granulocytes, dendritic cells and M1 macrophages were dependent on glucose metabolism during their activation while M2 macrophages were dependent on fatty acids oxidation. In contrast with lymphocytes, activated myeloid cells do not proliferate well but still have increased glycolysis which is necessary for their effector function. It is stressed that modulation of immune cells metabolism via PPARα gives new opportunities to modulate intensity and duration of immune responses in chronic diseases. We analyze studies performed on animal models of some chronic diseases, human patients with rheumatoid arthritis and different phenotypes of osteoarthritis. Most of the studies showed clinical efficacy and pleiotropic effects of PPARα agonists: antiinflammatory, immunomodulating and lipid modulating, primarily reduction of triglycerides and increase in HDL-C. The presented literature data suggest efficacy of PPARα agonists against individual components of polypathies. This could reduce risk of polypharmacy and reduce direct treatment costs. It is not unlikely that the use of PPARα agonists in a patient with multimorbidity could prevent acquiring a new disease. These are merely suggestions and much effort and time is required to perform large-scale randomized controlled studies evaluating new indications for the use of PPARa agonists.

scholarly journals The physical form of microbial ligands bypasses the need for dendritic cell migration to stimulate adaptive immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Borriello ◽  
Roberto Spreafico ◽  
Valentina Poli ◽  
Janet Chou ◽  
Nora A. Barrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Dendritic Cell Migration ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Fungal Polysaccharides ◽  
Central Paradigm

AbstractA central paradigm of immunology is that the innate immune system first detects infectious agents in peripheral tissues, shortly after a pathogen has breached an epithelial barrier. This detection event is mediated by pattern recognition receptors in phagocytes, which then migrate to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), where information of a microbial encounter is conveyed to T and B lymphocytes to generate adaptive immunity. Through the study of fungal moieties, we present data that challenge this model. We found that soluble fungal polysaccharides are immunosilent in the periphery, but become potent immunogens in the dLN. These ligands completely bypass the need of phagocyte migration and, instead, directly activate an immune response that is most similar to those that typify viral infections. These data establish a class of microbial products that violate a central tenet of the immunological lexicon and illustrate that the physical form (not just the chemical structure) impacts innate and adaptive immunity.

scholarly journals Associations of cells from both innate and adaptive immunity with lower nerve conduction velocity: the Maastricht Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001698
Author(s):  
Haifa Maalmi ◽  
Kristiaan Wouters ◽  
Hans H C M Savelberg ◽  
Jeroen H P M van der Velde ◽  
Jos P H Reulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Nerve Conduction Velocity ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity

IntroductionDistal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is common in people with diabetes but is also found in pre-diabetes. Peripheral nerve myelin damage, which can be assessed by reduced nerve conduction velocity (NCV), is an essential feature of DSPN. Emerging evidence indicates that the development of DSPN may involve the activation of the immune system. However, available studies have mainly investigated circulating immune mediators, whereas the role of immune cells remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to test whether leukocyte subsets are associated with NCV.Research design and methodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from 850 individuals (of whom 252 and 118 had type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes, respectively) of the Maastricht Study. NCV was measured in the peroneal and tibial motor nerves and the sural sensory nerve and summed to calculate a standardized NCV sum score. Associations between percentages of leukocyte subsets and NCV sum scores were estimated using linear regression models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, metabolic and clinical covariates.ResultsAfter adjustment for covariates, higher percentages of basophils and CD4+ T cells were associated with lower NCV (p=0.014 and p=0.005, respectively). The percentage of CD8+ T cells was positively associated with NCV (p=0.022). These associations were not modified by glucose metabolism status (all pinteraction >0.05). No associations were found for monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total T cells, Treg cells and B cells.ConclusionsThe associations of basophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with NCV suggest that cell types from both innate and adaptive immunity may be implicated in the development of DSPN.

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