scholarly journals СРАВНЕНИЕ СЕЛЕКЦИОННЫХ ЛИНИЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ С ГИБРИДОМ F1 ПО ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО ЦЕННЫМ ПРИЗНАКАМ

2021 ◽  
Vol 2(26) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
S.B. Lepekhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Yield Level

Creation of doubled haploid lines in wheat is a promising direction of research in Russia. However, the criteria for identifying good cross combinations, for which it is advisable to carry out androgenesis in vitro, have not been defined. One of these criteria could be the rate of heterosis in F1 or F2. The aim of this work was to establish the possibility of achieving the yield level of the F1 hybrid by the lines of later generations. The studies were carried out at the experimental fields of the FSBSI “Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology” in 2017-2019. Varieties ‘Golubkovskaya’, ‘Omskaya 28’, ‘Saratovskaya 70’, F1 ‘Omskaya 28’ × ‘Saratovskaya 70’, F1 ‘Golubkovskaya’ × ‘Saratovskaya 70’, four breeding lines from cross ‘Golubkovskaya’ × ‘Saratovskaya 70’ and seven breeding lines from cross ‘Omskaya 28’ × ‘Saratovskaya 70’ were material for this research. Germination, survival rate, plant height, number of spikes per m2, plant biomass, number of spikelets per spike and grain per spike, 1000-seed weight, grain weight per spike and plant, harvest index, yield, duration of the “germination – ear formation” period, lodging resistance and leaf and stem rust resistance were examined. In three cases out of six, high-parent heterosis in the studied F1 hybrids was observed (yield increase – 3–19 %). Five cases of significant yield improvement in breeding lines compared to F1 hybrids were detected in 2017–2019 (additional yield 2–44 %). Lines exceeding hybrid F1 in the context of yield were taller (+5–30 cm), with more extended period “germination – ear formation” (+7–8 days), higher plant biomass (+1.24–5.16 g), a larger number of spikelets per spike (0.5–2.8 units) and larger number of kernels (+3.5–8.0 units). Pure lines of soft spring wheat can be compared in yield to F1 hybrid, from which they were obtained. This fact was possible due to the selection of lines for desired traits determined by recessive genes.

The roles of pyruvate, lactate and glucose during preimplantation development of embryos from F1 hybrid mice in vitro

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Brown ◽  
D.G. Whittingham
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Preimplantation Development ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Hybrid Mice

Embryos of certain inbred mouse strains, and their F1 hybrids, are able to develop from the 1-cell to blastocyst stage in simple chemically defined media containing lactate (L), pyruvate (P) and glucose (G). The individual roles of these substrates in supporting complete preimplantation development in vitro was examined with 1-cell F2 embryos from B6CBF1 hybrid mice. Embryos collected between 26 and 27 h post hCG were cultured in medium containing L, P, LP or LPG. After 50 h in culture, the proportions developing to the morula stage were 1%, 83%, 94% and 100%, respectively. In combination, lactate and pyruvate appeared to act synergistically and both the rate and level of development to the morula stage were unaffected by the absence of glucose. After a further 46 h in culture, only the embryos grown in the presence of glucose developed into blastocysts. In LP medium, embryos arrested at the compacted morula stage late on day 3 of development. As culture continued in the absence of glucose, embryos decompacted (approximately 82 h post hCG) and subsequently degenerated. Exposure to medium containing glucose for the first, second or third 24 h period in culture was sufficient to support the morula-to-blastocyst transition. Glucose still supported this transition when embryos were transferred to LPG medium 3 h after the completion of compaction (76 h post hCG), but was ineffective 6 h later (82 h post hCG) once decompaction had commenced. We conclude that lactate and pyruvate together are able to support normal development of 1-cell F2 embryos to the morula stage in vitro, but that glucose is an essential component of the culture medium for development to the blastocyst stage.

scholarly journals Barley CMS detected in Finland in 1976 enabled growing of productive winter-barley F1 hybrids in the European winter-barley zone since 2002

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannu Ahokas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Barley ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽  
Restorer Genes ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
The Uk

My wide crossing program of barley (Hordeum vulgare s.l.) in 1976 yielded a system which could be used to produce F1 hybrid seeds. The genotypes were designated as msm1 (male sterile, maternal), and Rfm1a (restorer of fertility in msm1). I later found 19 other strains with dominant restorer alleles, which were carriers of a fertile cytoplasm. Hence, the restorer genes probably evolved in advance creating an opportunity for the cytoplasm to mutate to male sterility. Cytological studies revealed an uncontrolled secretion of sporopollenin in the sterile anthers, leading to their starvation and sterility. The Rfm1a gene was shown to cause an increase in the cytokinin activity of Fraction 7 in the root sap of barley, regardless of the cytoplasm type. In 1980, I found another male sterile cytoplasm, msm2, whose anther can also be restored by the Rfm1 alleles. The msm2 strain originally had complementary partial restorer genes and was found to be more responsive to such restorers than msm1. In Germany, the Rfm1 gene was recently translocated to a rye (Secale cereale) chromosome to study its response in CMS rye. The msm2 cytoplasm could be distinguished from msm1 with electron microscopy at the early stages of the anthers. The msm1 cytoplasm is not known to be associated with increased disease susceptibility, unlike the T-sterile cytoplasm formerly used to produce hybrid seeds of maize (Zea mays). Hybrid cvs: Seeds of msm1–Rfm1a were first requested from me by Hilleshög AB in Sweden. Hilleshög later became a part of Syngenta. Hilleshög techniques for sugar-beet hybrids were applied by Syngenta breeders to produce hybrid barley seeds. Syngenta introduced the first commercial winter-barley hybrid in the UK in 2002. Their hybrid cvs were marketed to countries growing winter-barley in Europe. The ha yields of their hybrids exceeded those of conventional cultivars or parental lines by about 1000 kg. In Spain, the winter-barley hybrid yielded 21 percent more than the conventional cultivars in 2015, when grown in the field scale. For the 2016 harvest, hybrids were sown in Germany on more than 140000 ha, which reflects 11.6 percent of the total feed barley area. In 2017, Syngenta launched a cashback scheme for, if their hybrid cultivars did not comfortably out-yield the farmer's conventional counterpart that season. Hybrid seeds must be acquired for each sowing. Unlike conventional monogenic barley cultivars, the hybrids exploit genetic variability and heterozygosity. Hybrid winter-barley is the most competitive of winter cereals with the aggressive weed Alopecurus myosuroides in the UK. Thick stems in new hybrids increase lodging resistance. The winter-barley hybrid ‘Wootan’ gave ha yields up to 6000 kg in Tammisaari, though incompletely winter-hardy in Finland. Maturing a month later than the hybrid ‘Hobbit’ and with optimal winterhardiness, winter-barley hybrids could exceed ha yields of 10000 kg in Finland. Some other breeding companies seem to work for hybrid barley, too.

scholarly journals Identification of a Chitooligosaccharide Mechanism against Bacterial Leaf Blight on Rice by In Vitro and In Silico Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7990
Author(s):  
Supatcharee Siriwong ◽  
Wannaporn Thepbandit ◽  
Nguyen Huy Hoang ◽  
Narendra Kumar Papathoti ◽  
Karsidete Teeranitayatarn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Target ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Commercial Plant ◽  
Strong Binding ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Rice Seeds

This study focuses on a commercial plant elicitor based on chitooligosaccharides (BIG®), which aids in rice plant growth and disease resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB). When the pathogen (Xoo) vigorously attacks rice that has suffered yield losses, it can cause damage in up to 20% of the plant. Furthermore, Xoo is a seed-borne pathogen that can survive in rice seeds for an extended period. In this study, when rice seeds were soaked and sprayed with BIG®, there was a significant increase in shoot and root length, as well as plant biomass. Furthermore, BIG®-treated rice plants showed a significant reduction in BLB severity of more than 33%. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) analysis was used to characterize BIG®’s mechanism in the chemical structure of rice leaves. The SR-FTIR results at 1650, 1735, and 1114 cm−1 indicated changes in biochemical components such as pectins, lignins, proteins, and celluloses. These findings demonstrated that commercial BIG® not only increased rice growth but also induced resistance to BLB. The drug’s target enzyme, Xoo 1075 from Xanthomonas oryzae (PDB ID: 5CY8), was analyzed for its interactions with polymer ingredients, specifically chitooligosaccharides, to gain molecular insights down to the atomic level. The results are intriguing, with a strong binding of the chitooligosaccharide polymer with the drug target, revealing 10 hydrogen bonds between the protein and polymer. Overall, the computational analysis supported the experimentally demonstrated strong binding of chitooligosaccharides to the drug target.

scholarly journals Comparative study on in vitro micropropagation response of seven globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] cultivars: open-pollinated cultivars vs F1 hybrids

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210-1220
Author(s):  
Tugce OZSAN ◽  
Ahmet N. ONUS
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Rooting ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Globe Artichoke ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Cynara Cardunculus ◽  
Mass Propagation ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
In Vitro Micropropagation

Globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] growing has gained commercial importance in recent years due to its consumption as food. It has also started to attract attention in pharmaceutics. Due to globe artichoke’s stated importance, growers need large amount of pathogen-free, healthy starting materials for production. Stated material will maximize the yield while minimizing the costs. Hybrid cultivars have uniform in height and maturity and could be harvested concurrently; on the other hand, an open-pollinated cultivar would have useful potential that could be smoothly produced locally at a lower cost. In vitro micropropagation enabling these goals as it serves large scale, fast, reliable and realistic alternative method to classic propagation via offshoots. The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the micropropagation efficiency of two important local open-pollinated (OP) cultivars (‘Bayrampaşa’, ‘Sakız’) and five F1 hybrid cultivars (‘Olympus’, ‘Madrigal’, ‘Sambo’, ‘Green Globe’, ‘Imparator’), on the basis of total subcultures they were subjected to. Various plant growth regulators at various combinations were assessed for in vitro micropropagation and subsequent in vitro rooting. 3/4 basic MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mg  L-1 BA + 0.005 mg L-1 IBA was determined as the best media combination for in vitro micropropagation, while 10.0 mg L-1 IAA + 1.0 g L-1 activated charcoal adding to 1/2 basic MS medium had positive effects on in vitro rooting. According to results, the micropropagation efficiency varied based on cultivar differences and number of subcultures regardless of being OP or F1 hybrid. The present study demonstrated that in vitro propagation of globe artichoke could be a valuable process for assessing mass propagation regardless of using F1 or OP cultivars. Considering the OP cultivars are cheap in terms of price in a comparison to F1 hybrid cultivars, OP cultivars could be also recommended to be used for in vitro mass propagation. 

scholarly journals Early cellular events in a systemic graft-vs.-host reaction. II. Autoradiographic estimates of the frequency of donor lymphocytes which respond to each Ag-B-determined antigenic complex.

1975 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
W L Ford ◽  
S J Simmonds ◽  
R C Atkins
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Donor T Cells ◽  
Antigenic Complex ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Donor Lymphocytes

A graft-vs.-host (GVH) reaction was initiated by the intravenous injection of parental strain (AO) lymphocytes into irradiated (AO times HO)F1 or (AO times DA)F1 hybrids. The proportion of donor T cells which had responded to the F1 hybrid antigens within 24 h was estimated by two methods. (a) Donor lymphocytes were labeled with [3H]uridine in vitro before injection. The proportion of labeled cells which had morphologically transformed in the recipient's spleen was 17-19%. In both series of experiments syngeneic transfers were performed in which case the proportion of transformed cells was 1-2.4%. A similar low proportion was found after parental to F1 transfer in a non-Ag-B strain combination. These figures were used to calculate the frequency of responding cells in the injected population given three additional pieces of information: (a) the extent of selection in the spleen which transformed the estimate to 4.5%-6.0% responders; (b) division of donor cells was shown to be negligible under the conditions of the experiment; and (c) the nonspecific recruitment of lymphocytes was shown to be negligible. A speculative model of antigen recognition by T cells which accounts for the high proportion of responders is outlined.

scholarly journals Maternal inheritance of F1 hybrid morphology and colony shape in the coral genus Acropora

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironobu Fukami ◽  
Kenji Iwao ◽  
Naoki H. Kumagai ◽  
Masaya Morita ◽  
Naoko Isomura
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Maternal Parent ◽  
Coral Genus ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Colony Shape

Background The coral genus Acropora contains more than 150 species with very high morphological diversity. This high diversity may have been caused by repeated hybridization via mass spawning. However, we have little information whether hybrids are formed in these corals. Identifying morphological differences between hybrids and their parental species would provide an opportunity to find wild hybrids in the field and to understand how colony shapes of Acropora have become highly diversified throughout evolutionary history. In the two morphologically distinctive coral species Acropora florida and A. intermedia in the Indo-Pacific, their gametes show high rates of bi-directional intercrossing in vitro, and thus these two species are ideal species to investigate the morphological traits of the hybrids. Methods We examined morphological characters of F1 hybrids from A. florida to A. intermedia, which were produced from in vitro crossing experiments. To compare morphological differences, we grew juveniles and mature colonies of reciprocal F1 hybrids (FLOint: A. florida eggs × A. intermedia sperm, and INTflo: A. intermedia eggs × A. florida sperm) and of the parental species (purebreds of A. intermedia and A. florida). We analyzed skeletal morphology such as colony size, branch length, and branching number, and compared them with those of a putative F1 hybrid between A. florida and A. intermedia found in the field. We also confirmed the molecular phylogenetic position of F1 hybrids, parental species, and a putative F1 hybrid using the mitochondrial non-coding region. Results Our morphological analysis revealed that branching number of the F1 hybrids was intermediate relative to the parental species. Moreover, the FLOint hybrids were morphologically more closely related to the maternal species A. florida, and the INTflo hybrids were to A. intermedia. Molecular data showed that A. florida and A. intermedia were clearly divided into two clades, and that F1 hybrids grouped in the clade based on their maternal parent. A very similar pattern to the INTflo hybrids was obtained for the putative F1 hybrid in nature. Discussion Our results revealed that F1 hybrids between two Indo-Pacific species A. florida and A. intermedia had intermediate morphology relative to their parent species but reflected the maternal parent more. Similarity to maternal species in hybrids is opposite to the Caribbean Acropora species that had more paternal morphological characters in hybrids. These results further suggest that some genetic factor in eggs is likely to affect determination of colony shape in the Indo-Pacific. At present, we have considered colonies with intermediate morphs between different species to be intra-specific morphological variation, but they may be real F1 hybrids. Indeed, a putative F1 hybrid represented similar morphological and molecular features to the F1 hybrids, and thus it is plausible to be attributed as a “real” F1 hybrid in nature.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES OF THE STIMULATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN CULTURES OF SPLEEN CELL SUSPENSIONS BY HOMOLOGOUS CELLS IN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE AND RATS

1965 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Spleen Cell ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Cells ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Different Strains

The early proliferative response previously demonstrated in rabbits has now been shown to follow the mixing of spleen cell suspensions from 2 inbred strains of mice or rats. The size of the response is comparable to that seen in cells from hyperimmune animals exposed to antigen in vitro. Autoradiographs of cells from stimulated cultures showed 1 to 4 per cent of the total population had incorporated thymidine. Modifications in the conditions necessary for the culture of mice and rat spleen cell suspensions and the measurement of thymidine incorporation are described. No responses were observed in isologous mixes. The responses obtained on mixing individual pairs of spleens from different strains showed relatively little variation. Responses were obtained in all of the 21 possible combinations between 7 inbred strains of mice. Responses were obtained when parental cells were mixed with their F1 hybrids. Analysis of these responses showed that, in every case, parental-F1 hybrid responses were less intense than those between the 2 parents. It was shown that there was no inherent defect in the ability of the hybrid cells to respond when mixed with an unrelated strain. The results suggested that the hybrid cells made no response to the parent cells although this was not conclusively established. This has been taken as circumstantial evidence that the response is immunological in nature. The significance of the vigor of the response and the large fraction of the immunologically competent cells that take part is discussed.

scholarly journals CYTOTOXICITY IN GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagat N. Singh ◽  
E. Sabbadini ◽  
A. H. Sehon
Keyword(s):  
Host Cells ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Graft Versus Host Reaction ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Donor Cells

Under in vitro conditions spleen cells from nonirradiated F1 hybrids, in which a (graft-vs.-host) (GVH) reaction had been induced with lymphoid cells of parental origin, lysed nonspecifically target cells, i.e., cells syngeneic or allogeneic to the parental genotypes. Furthermore, tumor cells exposed in vitro to spleen cells of F1 hybrid mice undergoing GVH reaction had markedly decreased ability to grow in syngeneic recipients. Experiments involving inhibition of cytotoxicity with alloantisera indicated that this nonspecific effect was due to host cells. By contrast, spleen cells of lethally irradiated F1 hybrids undergoing GVH reaction lysed specifically the target cells of the genotype against which the parental (donor) cells had been sensitized; this finding further supports the contribution of host cells to the nonspecific cytotoxic effects in GVH reaction. From these results it was deduced that the cytotoxic effects during GVH reaction involve at least two processes: (a) sensitization of the donor cells to the antigens of the recipient resulting in the activation of their potential to lyse specifically the recipient's cells, and (b) activation of the host's cells into a state of nonspecific cytotoxicity, as a consequence of the immunologically specific attack of the donor cells.

scholarly journals Role of I-region gene products in macrophage induction of an antibody response. II. Restriction at the level of T cell in recognition of I-J-subregion macrophage determinants.

1980 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Niederhuber ◽  
P Allen
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Region Gene ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Erythrocyte Antigen

The effect of specific anti-I-J reagents on macrophage-T cell interactions was studied in an in vitro antibody response to burro erythrocytes. Macrophages were prepared from the spleens of F1 hybrid mice whose parental strains differed at the I-J subregion. Two F1 hybrids were used for these experiments, [B10.A(3R) X B10.A(5R)]F1 and [B10.S(9R) X B10.HTT]F1. F1 macrophages responded equally well with F1 T-B cells or with T-B cells of either parental strain. When F1 macrophages were pretreated with anti-I-J serum (without complement) specific for one parental haplotype, they were only able to cooperate with T helper (TH) cells of the unblocked haplotype and with F1 TH cells. Identical results were obtained with (Jb X Jk)F1 and (Js X Jk)F1 mice. The results indicate that TH cells possess genetically restricted receptors for macrophage I-J-subregion gene products and that the interaction between this receptor and the macrophage I-J-subregion determinants is essential for the initiation of a primary in vitro antibody response to an erythrocyte antigen.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Androgenesis Method in the In Vitro Culture of Anteneson the Basis ofT. AestivumHybrids

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Kazachenko ◽  
N.V. Davydova ◽  
V.A. Burlutsky ◽  
E.S. Romanova ◽  
S. I. Voronov
Keyword(s):  
Anther Culture ◽  
High Yield ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Complex Optimization ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Central Economic

This study aimed to examine the regularities of the regenerationprocesses of haploid plants, the dependence of in vitro microspore morphogenesis in anther culture on optimization factors, and their efficiency in F1 hybrids of T. aestivumof different ecological and geographicorigin. It was found that heterosis contributed to an increased yield of haploid chlorophyll-bearing regenerants from hybrids obtained from the crossing of parental forms with different responsiveness to androclinia. Results were obtained for the complex optimization of the androgenesis method for the in vitro anther culture of T. aestivum, in order to create diploidized haploid lines (DHL) regardless of the influence of the genotype. The agroecological properties for a complex of economically useful traits were also assessed. DHLs were created that combined high yield (5.1-6.8 t / ha) with lodging resistance (straw height – 60-80 cm) and consistently high grain quality; these were characterized by increased resistance to major leaf diseases in comparison with the standard variety in the conditions of the Central Economic Region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation. Keywords: spring soft wheat, androgenesis, embyroidogenesis, callusogenesis, diploidized haploids, in vitro, yield and quality

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