Ecological adaptation and phylogenetic analysis of microsymbionts nodulating Polhillia, Wiborgia and Wiborgiella species in the Cape fynbos, South Africa

Polhillia, Wiborgia and Wiborgiella species are shrub legumes endemic to the Cape fynbos of South Africa. They have the ability to fix atmospheric N2 when in symbiosis with soil bacteria called ‘rhizobia’. The aim of this study was to assess the morpho-physiological and phylogenetic characteristics of rhizobia associated with the nodulation of Polhillia, Wiborgia and Wiborgiella species growing in the Cape fynbos. The bacterial isolates from root nodules consisted of a mixture of fast and intermediate growers that differed in colony shape and size. The isolates exhibited tolerance to salinity (0.5–3% NaCl) and pH (pH 5–10) and different antibiotic concentrations, and could produce 0.51 to 51.23 µg mL−1 of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), as well as solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. The ERIC-PCR results showed high genomic diversity in the rhizobial population and grouped them into two major clusters. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, atpD, glnII, gyrB, nifH and nodC gene sequences revealed distinct and novel evolutionary lineages related to the genus Rhizobium and Mesorhizobium, with some of them being very close to Mesorhizobium australicum. However, the phylogenetic analysis of glnII and nifH genes of some isolates showed incongruency.

Patogen Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao: Karakter dan Patogenisitas Phytophthora palmivora Isolat Asal Pakuwon, Sukabumi

Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.)<em> is a major obstacle in cocoa cultivation worldwide. The study aimed to determine the morphological character and pathogenicity of P. palmivora Pakuwon isolate. The study was carried out from November 2020 to January 2021, which consisted of 3 activities e.g. (1) pathogen isolation, tests on growth rate and colony formation, and stimulation of sporangia, zoospore, and clamydospore formation, which was performed in CMA, PDA, and mung bean media. The parameters observed were colony shape, growth rate, shape and size of sporangia, papillae, and sporangiophores, also chlamydospore and hyphal diameters; (2) To determine the possibility of different mating types, two isolates were grown on CMA medium in one petri dish; (3) The pathogenicity test, using a detached fruit assay by inoculating the cocoa pods with mycelium plug and zoospores. The patogenicity test was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications, and the parameter observed was the area of </em><em>the spot. The isolation obtained 3 isolates, the mycelium of all three isolates showed white in color, cottony, and no pattern in shape. The diameters of hyphae and chlamydospores were 5.6 - 6.3 mm and 39.0 - 43.2 mm, respectively. The sporangia were ovoid, ellipsoid, subsperic, obpyriform, and irregular. Sporangia measured 5.6 - 60.1 mm in length and 30.4 - 32.9 mm in width. Papillae were obviously visible with an average length of 6.8 mm. Test on mating types showed no oospores formed. PPkw1 isolates showed higher growth rates and more pathogenic than PPkw2 and PPkw3. The difference of pathogenicity of each </em>P. palmivora<em> isolates originated from Pakuwon can be used for selection of cocoa resistance in the future.</em>

Genera Jamur Patogen dan Persentase Penyakit Bercak Daun yang ditemukan pada Pertanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea) di Desa Serang, Kecamatan Karangreja, Purbalingga

Green mustard (Brassica juncea) is an annual or horticultural plant of the Brassica genus. The purpose of this research is to knowledge the type of fungi that cause leaf spot disease on green mustard plants and to know the large percentage of leaf spot diseases caused by fungus on mustard greens in Serang Village, Karangreja District, Purbalingga. This research is used survey method by taking purposive random sampling at two different locations. The type of fungus that causes leaf spot disease on (B. juncea) mustard green can be identified by isolating the part of plants are sick then identified. Identification of fungi is doing by two stages of observation, that is observation macromorphological characters and micromorphological characters. Observation of macromorphological characters includes colony color, colony shape, the edge of colony shape and colony reverse color. Observation of the micromorphology character includes the presence of hyphae, hyphae (insulated or non-insulated), conidia shape, conidia color, additional devices and conidiophores. The next stage to find out the type of fungus that causes leaf spot disease is Koch's Postulate.The results obtained there is one type of disease in green mustard plants. Leaf spot is one of the diseases of mustard greens caused by the fungus Alternaria sp, with a frequency of leaf spot disease as many as 196 times, and the percentage of disease of 51,30%.

ISOLATION OF Salmonella typhoid 16s rRNA GENE FRAGMENT BASED ON POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

Iridescent is one of the traditional fish fermentation products that has a sour taste and is widely known in various regions of Indonesia. In its metabolism LAB produces organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, CO2 and bacteriocin. These compounds are antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and bacterial decomposition. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity produced by lactic acid bacteria isolates from catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) inhibiting the growth of Escherecia coli. From iridescent obtained 9 isolates that have different characteristics from each other by the morphology of LAB isolate colonies which include colony color, colony shape, colony elevation and colony margin. After production of antibacterial, all isolates showed positive result when antibacterial tested againts Escherecia coli either in acidic condition or neutralized.

Biophysical principles of choanoflagellate self-organization

Inspired by the patterns of multicellularity in choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, we quantify the biophysical processes underlying the morphogenesis of rosette colonies in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. We find that rosettes reproducibly transition from an early stage of 2-dimensional (2D) growth to a later stage of 3D growth, despite the underlying variability of the cell lineages. Our perturbative experiments demonstrate the fundamental importance of a basally secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) for rosette morphogenesis and show that the interaction of the ECM with cells in the colony physically constrains the packing of proliferating cells and, thus, controls colony shape. Simulations of a biophysically inspired model that accounts for the size and shape of the individual cells, the fraction of ECM, and its stiffness relative to that of the cells suffices to explain our observations and yields a morphospace consistent with observations across a range of multicellular choanoflagellate colonies. Overall, our biophysical perspective on rosette development complements previous genetic perspectives and, thus, helps illuminate the interplay between cell biology and physics in regulating morphogenesis.

IDENTIFIKASI LACTOBACILLUS GASSERI DARI ASI: KARAKTERISASI DAN PENGUJIAN BIOKIMIA

ABSTRAK ASI dari ibu yang sehat memiliki potensi yang besar mengandung bakteri probiotik spesies Lactobacillus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 20% dari sampel lima ASI Ibu menyusui usia 12 – 60 hari setelah melahirkan mengandung bakteri probiotik Lactobacillus gasseri dengan karakteristik morfologi: gram positif, katalase negative, non motil, anaerob, bentuk koloni bulat dengan permukaan cembung, warna koloni putih susu agak krem, tekstur koloni agak keras, koloni tumbuh dibagian tengah media agar (anaerob), sel berbentuk basil dengan ukuran sel 2,0 µm. sedangkan uji biokimia menunjukkan bahwa isolate L. glasseri terseleksi mampu menguraikan: D-Cellobiose, Saccharose, Maltotriose, Phosphatase, Leucine Arylamidase, Tryosine Arylamidase, Arbutin, Esculin hydrolysis, Ala-Phe-Pro_Arylamidase, N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, Phenylalanine Arylamidase, D-Glukose, 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-glucoside, L-Proline Arylamidase, D-Mannose, Arginine GP, D-Maltose. Kata kunci: Lactobacillus gasseri, probiotik, ASI. ABSTRACT Breast milk from healthy mothers has a great potential to contain the probiotic bacteria of the Lactobacillus species. The results showed that 20% of the five samples of breast milk, at days 12 to 60 after birth contained probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus gasseri with morphology of bacterial: gram-positive, catalase- negative, non-motile, anaerob, rounded colony shape with convex surface, the color colony of slightly creamy, rather hard colony texture, anaerobic, basil-shaped cells with a cell size of 2.0 μm. Biochemical tests show that selected L. glasseri isolates are able to decipher: D-Cellobiose, Saccharose, Maltotriose, Phosphatase, Leucine Arylamidase, Tryosine Arylamidase, Arbutin, Esculin hydrolysis, Ala-Phe-Pro_Arylamidase, N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, Phenylalanine Arylamidase, D-Glukose, 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-glucoside, L-Proline Arylamidase, D-Mannose, Arginine GP, D-Maltose. Keywords: Lactobacillus gasseri, probiotic, breast milk

Kanker Batang: Penyakit Baru pada Kopi di Lampung

Stem Canker: A New Disease of coffee in LampungStem cancer is a new disease that has attacked smallholder coffee plantations in Lampung since 2010. The cause of the disease was unknown. This study aims to describe the symptoms of the disease, the incidence of the disease in the affected plantation, and identify morphologically and molecularly the canker pathogens of the coffee stem canker diseases. All stages of Koch’s postulate were carried out in laboratories and greenhouses. The isolated pathogens were morphologically characterized by colony shape and color as well as the conidia shape and size. Molecular identification was carried out by using a general primer (ITS1 and ITS4) and followed by sequencing. The main symptoms of the disease are stem cancer and dieback, as well as more infecting older plants. Pathogen of the coffee stem canker disease that attacks coffee plants in Lampung has been identified as Fusarium solani which has 99% homology with F. solani KY245947.1.

Maternal inheritance of F1 hybrid morphology and colony shape in the coral genus Acropora

Background The coral genus Acropora contains more than 150 species with very high morphological diversity. This high diversity may have been caused by repeated hybridization via mass spawning. However, we have little information whether hybrids are formed in these corals. Identifying morphological differences between hybrids and their parental species would provide an opportunity to find wild hybrids in the field and to understand how colony shapes of Acropora have become highly diversified throughout evolutionary history. In the two morphologically distinctive coral species Acropora florida and A. intermedia in the Indo-Pacific, their gametes show high rates of bi-directional intercrossing in vitro, and thus these two species are ideal species to investigate the morphological traits of the hybrids. Methods We examined morphological characters of F1 hybrids from A. florida to A. intermedia, which were produced from in vitro crossing experiments. To compare morphological differences, we grew juveniles and mature colonies of reciprocal F1 hybrids (FLOint: A. florida eggs × A. intermedia sperm, and INTflo: A. intermedia eggs × A. florida sperm) and of the parental species (purebreds of A. intermedia and A. florida). We analyzed skeletal morphology such as colony size, branch length, and branching number, and compared them with those of a putative F1 hybrid between A. florida and A. intermedia found in the field. We also confirmed the molecular phylogenetic position of F1 hybrids, parental species, and a putative F1 hybrid using the mitochondrial non-coding region. Results Our morphological analysis revealed that branching number of the F1 hybrids was intermediate relative to the parental species. Moreover, the FLOint hybrids were morphologically more closely related to the maternal species A. florida, and the INTflo hybrids were to A. intermedia. Molecular data showed that A. florida and A. intermedia were clearly divided into two clades, and that F1 hybrids grouped in the clade based on their maternal parent. A very similar pattern to the INTflo hybrids was obtained for the putative F1 hybrid in nature. Discussion Our results revealed that F1 hybrids between two Indo-Pacific species A. florida and A. intermedia had intermediate morphology relative to their parent species but reflected the maternal parent more. Similarity to maternal species in hybrids is opposite to the Caribbean Acropora species that had more paternal morphological characters in hybrids. These results further suggest that some genetic factor in eggs is likely to affect determination of colony shape in the Indo-Pacific. At present, we have considered colonies with intermediate morphs between different species to be intra-specific morphological variation, but they may be real F1 hybrids. Indeed, a putative F1 hybrid represented similar morphological and molecular features to the F1 hybrids, and thus it is plausible to be attributed as a “real” F1 hybrid in nature.

A new cryptostome bryozoan Ptilotrypa from the Upper Ordovician Yong Limestone Formation: Tethyan sequence of Kumaun Higher Himalaya, India

A new species of the Paleozoic bryozoan genus Ptilotrypa of the order Cryptostomata is described from the lower part of the Yong Limestone Formation, Katian, Upper Ordovician of the Kumaun Tethys Himalaya: Ptilotrypa bajpaii new species. The presence of the genus Ptilotrypa in the Tethyan Himalaya suggests paleogeographic connections to the Upper Ordovician of North America and, consequently, Upper Ordovician age for the lower part of the Yong Limestone Formation. This species displays a reticulate colony shape, which suggests an efficient filtering capacity in an environment with a high primary production. Morphological peculiarities and systematic assignment of the genus Ptilotrypa are discussed.UUID: http://zoobank.org/898276c8-2924-4da2-ae96-3392cb2ebbc3