Manufacturing and Measuring Mechanical Properties of Continuous Functionally Graded Beam

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mansoor Abbood ◽  
Haider K. Mehbes ◽  
Abdulkareem. F. Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Functionally Graded Beam ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Vertical Gravity

In this study, glass-filled epoxy functionally graded material (FGM) was prepared by adopting the hand lay-up method. The vertical gravity casting was used to produce a continuous variation in elastic properties. A 30 % volume fraction of glass ingredients that have mean diameter 90 μm was spread in epoxy resin (ρ = 1050 kg/m3). The mechanical properties of FGM were evaluated according to ASTM D638. Experimental results showed that a gradually relationship between Young’s modulus and volume fraction of glass particles, where the value of Young’s modulus at high concentration of glass particles was greater than that at low concentration, while the value of Poisson’s ratio at high concentration of glass particles was lower than that at low concentration. The manufacture of this FG beam is particularly important and useful in order to benefit from it in the field of various fracture tests under dynamic or cyclic loads.

Cellulose Whiskers Micro-Fibers Effect in the Mechanical Proprieties of PP and PLA Composites Fibers Obtained by Spinning Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 12-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gherissi ◽  
R.Ben Cheikh ◽  
E. Dévaux ◽  
Fethi Abbassi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Failure Resistance ◽  
Cellulose Whiskers ◽  
Limit Strength

In this study, we present the manufacturing process of two new composites materials in the form of long fibers of polylactic-acid (PLA) or polypropylene (PP), reinforced by cellulose whiskers micro-fibers loads. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of these advanced materials, a several uniaxial tensile tests were carried out. The PP and the PLA have initially been spinning without the addition of cellulose whiskers micro-fibers. In order to study the effects of cellulose whiskers micro-fibers reinforcements in the Mechanical behavior of the PLA and PP filaments, we determinate the proprieties of these advanced material from the tensile results. For the PP composite filaments material case, the whiskers reinforcement increases Young's modulus and failure resistance, but it reduces the limit strength failure. For the PLA composites the addition of 1% wt of cellulose whiskers from the total volume fraction of the material, increase the Young’s modulus more than 50% and a decrease of the failure resistance and the limit strength of composite. The obtained composites fibers are very rigid and brittle. What follows, that the addition of cellulose whiskers micro fibers in PP matrix, provides mechanical properties more convenient compared to the PLA matrix.

Determination of mechanical properties of FFF 3D printed material by assessing void volume fraction, cooling rate and residual thermal stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1661-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Quelho de Macedo ◽  
Rafael Thiago Luiz Ferreira ◽  
Kuzhichalil Jayachandran
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Void Volume Fraction ◽  
Void Volume ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This paper aims to present experimental and numerical analyses of fused filament fabrication (FFF) printed parts and show how mechanical characteristics of printed ABS-MG94 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) are influenced by the void volume fraction, cooling rate and residual thermal stresses. Design/methodology/approach Printed specimens were experimentally tested to evaluate the mechanical properties for different printing speeds, and micrographs were taken. A thermo-mechanical finite element model, able to simulate the FFF process, was developed to calculate the temperature fields in time, cooling rate and residual thermal stresses. Finally, the experimental mechanical properties and the microstructure distribution could be explained by the temperature fields in time, cooling rate and residual thermal stresses. Findings Micrographs revealed the increase of void volume fraction with the printing speed. The variations on voids were associated to the temperature fields in time: when the temperatures remained high for longer periods, less voids were generated. The Young's Modulus of the deposited filament varied according to the cooling rate: it decreased when the cooling rate increased. The influence of the residual thermal stresses and void volume fraction on the printed parts failure was also investigated: in the worst scenarios evaluated, the void volume fraction reduced the strength in 9 per cent, while the residual thermal stresses reduced it in 3.8 per cent. Originality/value This work explains how the temperature fields can affect the void volume fraction, Young's Modulus and failure of printed parts. Experimental and numerical results are shown. The presented research can be used to choose printing parameters to achieve desired mechanical properties of FFF printed parts.

Mechanical Properties of Transparent Polycrystalline Silicon Nitride

2006 ◽  
Vol 317-318 ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rak Joo Sung ◽  
Takafumi Kusunose ◽  
Tadachika Nakayama ◽  
Yoon Ho Kim ◽  
Tohru Sekino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Fracture Strength ◽  
Polycrystalline Silicon ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Β Phase ◽  
Α Phase

A novel transparent polycrystalline silicon nitride was fabricated by hot-press sintering with MgO and AlN as additives. The mixed powder with 3 wt.% MgO and 9 wt.% AlN was sintered at 1900oC for 1 hour under 30 MPa pressure in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Transparent polycrystalline silicon nitride was successfully fabricated. The mechanical properties such as density, hardness, young’s modulus, fracture strength and fracture toughness were evaluated. The effect of α/β phase on the mechanical properties of transparent polycrystalline silicon nitride was investigated. The properties were changed depending on the amount of α/β phase. The hardness and Young's modulus increased with increasing the volume fraction of α-phase fraction as a reflection of the higher hardness of α-phase Si3N4. The fracture toughness and fracture strength decreased with decreasing the volume fraction of β-phase Si3N4.

Investigation of the mechanical properties on the large amplitude free vibrations of the functionally graded material sandwich plates

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sid Ahmed Belalia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Free Vibrations ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Sandwich Plates ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Graded Material

In this paper, the geometrically nonlinear formulation based on von Karman’s assumptions is employed to study the large amplitude free vibrations of functionally graded materials sandwich plates. The functionally graded material sandwich plate is made up of two layers of power-law functionally graded material face sheet and one layer of ceramic homogeneous core. A hierarchical finite element is employed to define the model, taking into account the effects of the transverse shear deformation and the rotatory inertia. The equations of motion for the nonlinear vibration of the functionally graded material sandwich plates are obtained using Lagrange’s equations. Employing the harmonic balance method, the equations of motion are converted from time domain to frequency domain and then solved iteratively using the linearized updated mode method. Results for linear and nonlinear frequency parameters of the simply supported functionally graded material sandwich plates are computed and compared with the published values, and an excellent agreement was found. The influence of the mechanical properties of the functionally graded material, thickness ratio of FGM layers, and volume fraction exponent on the backbone curves and on the nonlinear frequency parameters are investigated. The effects of the material properties of two different types of ceramics on the large amplitude vibration behaviors of the functionally graded material sandwich plates is also presented and discussed for the first time.

Effect of Ti addition on density and microstructure development of MoSiBTiC alloy

2015 ◽  
Vol 1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joung Wook Kim ◽  
Kyosuke Yoshimi ◽  
Hirokazu Katsui ◽  
Takashi Goto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
Microstructure Development ◽  
Arc Melting ◽  
Ti Addition

ABSTRACTThe effect of Ti addition on the density and microstructure development of MoSiBTiC alloy was investigated. Two kinds of MoSiBTiC alloys with the composition of Mo-5Si-10B-10Ti-10C (10Ti alloy) and Mo-5Si-10B-15Ti-10C (15Ti alloy) (at. %) were prepared by conventional arc-melting. The primary phase of as-cast 10Ti and 15Ti alloys was (Ti,Mo)C, and there were two eutectic phases of Moss + (Ti,Mo)C and Moss + T2 + (Ti,Mo)C in the alloys. In addition, 10Ti alloy had a Moss + T2 + (Mo,Ti)2C eutectic. There was no Moss + T2 + (Mo,Ti)2C eutectic in the 15Ti alloy, and thus it is apparent that the (Mo,Ti)2C formation was suppressed by 5 at. % Ti addition. The volume fraction of (Ti,Mo)C increased and thus the density reduced from 8.78 to 8.43 g/cm3 with the Ti addition. In all constituent phases, Ti concentration increased while Mo concentration decreased. In spite of the changes, hardness, Young’s modulus and shear modulus were hardly changed. Therefore, Ti addition seems to be effective to further lower the density without deteriorating mechanical properties of the MoSiBTiC alloy.

scholarly journals Analysis of Beams with Transversal Gradations of the Young's Modulus and Variable Depths by the Meshless Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Sátor ◽  
Vladimír Sládek ◽  
Ján Sládek
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Delta Function ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Approximation Technique ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Test Function ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Mls Approximation ◽  
Strong Formulation

Abstract A numerical analysis based on the meshless local Petrov- Galerkin (MLPG) method is proposed for a functionally graded material FGM (FGMfunctionally graded material) beam. The planar bending of the beam is considered with a transversal gradation of Young's modulus and a variable depth of the beam. The collocation formulation is constructed from the equilibrium equations for the mechanical fields. Dirac's delta function is employed as a test function in the derivation of a strong formulation. The Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximation technique is applied for an approximation of the spatial variations of all the physical quantities. An investigation of the accuracy, the convergence of the accuracy, the computational efficiency and the effect of the level of the gradation of Young's modulus on the behaviour of coupled mechanical fields is presented in various boundary value problems for a rectangular beam with a functionally graded Young's modulus.

Characterization of Mechanical Property of PLA-ABS Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Su ◽  
Kazuaki Inaba ◽  
Amit Karmakar ◽  
Apurba Das
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Abstract Application of functionally graded materials (FGMs) in energy, aviation and nuclear industries has increased since the last decade due to potential reduction of in-plane and transverse through-the-thickness stresses, enhanced residual stress distribution, superior thermal properties, free from delamination, and reduced stress intensity factors. FGMs are categorized as an advanced class of composite materials where the two constituent materials are graded along the thickness direction. Absence of sharp change in material property in the interface layer eliminates the problem of delamination and debonding, which is a major concern for traditional composite material. In this work, PLA-ABS functionally graded material is manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques through fused deposition modeling (FDM) using Y-type extruder. X-ray computed tomography test is conducted to see the air void (generated during printing) distribution in the printed FGM. Tensile test (as per ISO-527standrad) is conducted to evaluate the Young’s Modulus of additive manufactured FGMs. Three different measuring positions are considered in the FGM specimens to check the effect of property change along the grading direction. Tensile test results of PLA-ABS FGM are compared with their individual constituents (ABS and PLA). Further, flexural vibration test is conducted to evaluate the natural frequency of printed FGM beam. Experimentally determined mechanical and dynamic characteristics in terms effective Young’s Modulus and natural frequency are analyzed and discussed.

Target Shape Optimization of Functionally Graded Shape Memory Alloy Compliant Mechanism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Jovanova ◽  
Mary Frecker ◽  
Reginald F. Hamilton ◽  
Todd A. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Target Shape ◽  
Young’S Modulus Of Elasticity

Nickel Titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit shape memory and/or superelastic properties, enabling them to demonstrate multifunctionality by engineering microstructural and compositional gradients at selected locations. This paper focuses on the design optimization of NiTi compliant mechanisms resulting in single-piece structures with functionally graded properties, based on user-defined target shape matching approach. The compositionally graded zones within the structures will exhibit an on demand superelastic effect (SE) response, exploiting the tailored mechanical behavior of the structure. The functional grading has been approximated by allowing the geometry and the superelastic properties of each zone to vary. The superelastic phenomenon has been taken into consideration using a standard nonlinear SMA material model, focusing only on 2 regions of interest: the linear region of higher Young’s modulus of elasticity and the superelastic region with significantly lower Young’s modulus of elasticity. Due to an outside load, the graded zones reach the critical stress at different stages based on their composition, position and geometry, allowing the structure morphing. This concept has been used to optimize the structures’ geometry and mechanical properties to match a user-defined target shape structure. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (NSGA II - Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) for constrained optimization of the structure’s mechanical properties and geometry has been developed and implemented.

An Analytical Approach to Reduce the Stress Concentration around a Circular Hole in a Functionally Graded Material Plate under Axial Load

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 985-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Kushwaha ◽  
Parveen K. Saini
Keyword(s):  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Functionally Graded Material ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Complex Variable Function ◽  
Variable Function ◽  
Graded Material ◽  
Circular Cutout

This paper presents an analytical method to reduce the stress concentration in a functionally graded material (FGM) plate, having a circular cutout, under axial loading. An exponential radial variation and the variation by the power law, of the Young’s modulus is assumed here. This is achieved by decomposing the plate into a number of rings. Muskhelishivili’s method of the complex variable function is used for this piece of work study of stress distribution in the plate. It is observed that the stress concentration decreases as the Young’s modulus increases radially away from the hole.

Mechanical Properties of Low Young's Modulus Amorphous Carbon Reinforced Aluminum Composites

2005 ◽  
Vol 502 ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsunemichi Imai ◽  
Shang Li Dong ◽  
Ichinori Shigematsu ◽  
Naobumi Saito ◽  
Kazutaka Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Particle Volume Fraction ◽  
Aluminum Composites ◽  
Fiber Volume

The XN-05C/2017, XN-05C/MESO-10 and BGC152/MESO-10 aluminum composites reinforced by low young’s modulus amorphous carbon fiber and particle, respectively, were fabricated by a PM route followed by hot extrusion and rolling in this study. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites were investigated subsequently. The XN-05C/2017 and XN-05C/MESO-10 were found to exhibit low elastic modulus of 50~60GPa within the fiber volume fraction of 0.10~0.15, while the BGC152/MESO-10 shows a data of 50GPa with a particle volume fraction of 0.10. The tensile strength of XN-05C/MESO-10 was evaluated to be 400~600MPa in the case of Vf=0.10~0.15, and become to decease with increasing fiber volume fraction. Damping application would be a potential consideration for the amorphous carbon fiber reinforced aluminum composites.

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