scholarly journals Socioeconomic deprivation scores as predictors of variations in NHS practice payments: a longitudinal study of English general practices 2013–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (685) ◽  
pp. e546-e554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis S Levene ◽  
Richard Baker ◽  
John Bankart ◽  
Nicola Walker ◽  
Andrew Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Practice Population ◽  
Longitudinal Variations ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Organisational Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation

BackgroundA previous study found that variables related to population health needs were poor predictors of cross-sectional variations in practice payments.AimTo investigate whether deprivation scores predicted variations in the increase over time of total payments to general practices per patient, after adjustment for potential confounders.Design and settingLongitudinal multilevel model for 2013–2017; 6900 practices (84.4% of English practices).MethodPractices were excluded if total adjusted payments per patient were <£10 or >£500 per patient or if deprivation scores were missing. Main outcome measures were adjusted total NHS payments; calculated by dividing total NHS payments, after deductions and premises payments, by the number of registered patients in each practice. A total of 17 independent variables relating to practice population and organisational factors were included in the model after checking for collinearity.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders and the logarithmic transformation of the dependent and main independent variables (due to extremely skewed [positive] distribution of payments), practice deprivation scores predicted very weakly longitudinal variations in total payments’ slopes. For each 10% increase in the Index of Multiple Deprivation score, practice payments increased by only 0.06%. The large sample size probably explains why eight of the 17 confounders were significant predictors, but with very small coefficients. Most of the variability was at practice level (intraclass correlation = 0.81).ConclusionThe existing NHS practice payment formula has demonstrated very little redistributive potential and is unlikely to substantially narrow funding gaps between practices with differing workloads caused by the impact of deprivation.

scholarly journals Be Aware of Burnout! The Role of Changes in Academic Burnout in Problematic Facebook Usage among University Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8055
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Tomaszek ◽  
Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman
Keyword(s):  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Burnout ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Social Motive ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Most previous research has examined the relationship between FB addiction and burnout level by conducting cross-sectional studies. Little is known about the impact of changes in burnout on FB addiction in an educational context. Through a two-way longitudinal survey of a student population sample (N = 115), this study examined the influence of changes in academic burnout over time and FB motives and importance (measured at the beginning and the end of the semester) on FB intrusion measured at the end of the academic semester. The findings show that: (1) increases in cynicism and in FB motives and importance significantly predicted time2 FB intrusion; (2) FB importance enhanced the prediction power of changes in the academic burnout total score, exhaustion and personal inefficacy, and reduced the regression coefficient of changes in cynicism; (3) the interaction effects between FB social motive use and changes in academic burnout, as well as between FB importance and personal inefficacy and exhaustion, accounted for a significant change in the explained variance of time2 FB intrusion. About 20–30% of the variance in time2 FB intrusion was explained by all the examined variables and by the interactions between them. The results suggest that changes in academic burnout and FB motives and importance are suppressive variables, as including these variables in the regression model all together changed the significance of the relationship between independent variables and FB intrusion.

scholarly journals PROMIS Scales for Assessment of Persistent Post-COVID Symptoms: A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110304
Author(s):  
Ravindra Ganesh ◽  
Aditya K. Ghosh ◽  
Mark A. Nyman ◽  
Ivana T. Croghan ◽  
Stephanie L. Grach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact

Objective Persistent post-COVID symptoms are estimated to occur in up to 10% of patients who have had COVID-19. These lingering symptoms may persist for weeks to months after resolution of the acute illness. This study aimed to add insight into our understanding of certain post-acute conditions and clinical findings. The primary purpose was to determine the persistent post COVID impairments prevalence and characteristics by collecting post COVID illness data utilizing Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®). The resulting measures were used to assess surveyed patients physical, mental, and social health status. Methods A cross-sectional study and 6-months Mayo Clinic COVID recovered registry data were used to evaluate continuing symptoms severity among the 817 positive tested patients surveyed between March and September 2020. The resulting PROMIS® data set was used to analyze patients post 30 days health status. The e-mailed questionnaires focused on fatigue, sleep, ability to participate in social roles, physical function, and pain. Results The large sample size (n = 817) represented post hospitalized and other managed outpatients. Persistent post COVID impairments prevalence and characteristics were determined to be demographically young (44 years), white (87%), and female (61%). Dysfunction as measured by the PROMIS® scales in patients recovered from acute COVID-19 was reported as significant in the following domains: ability to participate in social roles (43.2%), pain (17.8%), and fatigue (16.2%). Conclusion Patient response on the PROMIS® scales was similar to that seen in multiple other studies which used patient reported symptoms. As a result of this experience, we recommend utilizing standardized scales such as the PROMIS® to obtain comparable data across the patients’ clinical course and define the disease trajectory. This would further allow for effective comparison of data across studies to better define the disease process, risk factors, and assess the impact of future treatments.

Infant with Clefts Observation Outcomes Instrument (iCOO): A New Outcome for Infants and Young Children with Orofacial Clefts

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110403
Author(s):  
Todd C. Edwards ◽  
Carrie L. Heike ◽  
Kathleen A. Kapp-Simon ◽  
Salene M. Jones ◽  
Brian G. Leroux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Health Domains ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Objective We evaluated the measurement properties for item and domain scores of the Infant with Clefts Observation Outcomes Instrument (iCOO). Design Cross-sectional (before lip surgery) and longitudinal study (preoperative baseline and 2 days and 2 months after lip surgery). Setting Three academic craniofacial centers and national online advertisements. Participants Primary caregivers with an infant with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL  ±  P) scheduled to undergo primary lip repair. There were 133 primary caregivers at baseline, 115 at 2 days postsurgery, and 112 at 2 months postsurgery. Main Outcome Measure(s) Caregiver observation items ( n = 61) and global impression of health and function items ( n = 8) across eight health domains. Results Mean age at surgery was 6.0 months (range 2.7-11.8 months). Five of eight iCOO domains have scale scores, with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from 0.67 to 0.87. Except for the Facial Skin and Mouth domain, iCOO scales had acceptable intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.76 to 0.84. The internal consistency of the Global Impression items across all domains was 0.90 and had acceptable ICCs (range 0.76-0.91). Sixteen out of 20 (nonscale) items had acceptable ICCs (range 0.66-0.96). As anticipated, iCOO scores 2 days postoperatively were generally lower than baseline and scores 2 months postsurgery were consistent with baseline or higher. The iCOO took approximately 10 min to complete. Conclusions The iCOO meets measurement standards and may be used for assessing the impact of cleft-related treatments in clinical research and care. More research is needed on its use in various treatment contexts.

Impact of knowledge sharing, learning adaptability and organizational commitment on absorptive capacity in pharmaceutical firms based in Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafique ◽  
Shafqat Hameed ◽  
Mujtaba Hassan Agha
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Absorptive capacity being an emerging field of research has been studied in different perspectives both in technological aspects and soft issues. Although an original study of absorptive capacity placed employees as playing pivoting role in the development of absorptive capacity (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), unfortunately, there are limited studies on behavior of employees toward this emerging construct. This study aims to explore the impact of employees’ behavior in the development of absorptive capacity. Specifically, impact of knowledge sharing, learning adaptability and organizational commitment on absorptive capacity has been evaluated in this study. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was conducted at the pharmaceutical firms of Pakistan. The data were collected through random sampling from middle managers as a unit of analysis of this study. The rationale of the unit of analysis is that the maximum information is handled/accessed by the middle managers in the perspective of Pakistan. The data were collected from 170 respondents on a five-point Likert scale with the response rate of 66.7 per cent. Data were collected from different genders and different age groups with different qualification levels. Findings All independent variables showed significant positive correlations with overall absorptive capacity (ACAP). At the same time, different relationships of all independent variables were found in different ways with different significant levels. The results showed that different strategies may be adopted to manage the external knowledge for competition in turbulent environment. For example, organizational commitment may be incorporated at strategy formulation only, whereas the Adaptability at both routine and strategy formulation stage. As all independent variables showed no correlation with Acquisition it is concluded that Acquisition is purely a routine function, and instead of coordination, the routine processes must be emphasized. Research limitations/implications This study focused on the data from the middle managers of the pharmaceutical firms only. The results may not be generalized to the sectors. Another limitation is that the respondents of the study were middle managers. It was made intentional to see the impact of management aspects other than organizational mechanisms, as discussed by Cohen and Levinthal (1990) and Jansen et al. (2005) in their studies. The results on the basis of the data collected from other entities of the organization may differ. This is a cross-sectional study, and a longitudinal study may give different results. Practical implications Absorptive capacity has the capability to absorb new knowledge and plays an important role in the development of organizational processes to compete in the turbulent environment. It is dependent not only on technological infrastructure but also on the employees’ behaviors and attitudes. This study gives insights about the knowledge process activities and employment of human resource at each phase of absorptive capacity in relation to their behaviors toward knowledge process. Social implications Development of organizational process with knowledge management plays an important role in the capacity building, which ultimately enhances social paradigm of activities. Originality/value Pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan acquire technologies from foreign countries and have very limited research and development of their own. As technology is upgraded by the foreign companies as a continuous improvement process, local firms of Pakistan are required to absorb the new knowledge with the same pace. The study highlights importance of human capital in the development of this capability.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e021952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette Andrea Cunningham-Myrie ◽  
Emily Mabile ◽  
Ishtar Govia ◽  
Novie O Younger ◽  
Marshall Kerr Tulloch-Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biological Risk ◽  
Neighbourhood Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighbourhood Disorder

ObjectiveTo examine whether neighbourhood characteristics are associated with cumulative biological risk (CBR) and sex differences in CBR in a nationally representative sample in Jamaica, a small island developing country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).DesignCross-sectional studySettingA population-based cross-sectional survey, the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008 (JHLS II) recruited persons at their homes over a 4 month period from all 14 parishes and 113 neighbourhoods defined as enumeration districts (EDs).Participants2544 persons aged 15–74 years old from the 2008 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey (JHLS II), who completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and had biomarkers assessed, and whose home addresses could be reliably geocoded.Primary outcomeA summary measure CBR was created using seven markers—systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose levels and self-reported asthma. Weighted multilevel models examined clustering, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), of CBR across neighbourhoods and the impact of neighbourhood characteristics (recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder) on CBR.ResultsWomen had significantly higher mean CBR scores than men across all age groups. There was significant clustering of CBR by ED, and among women versus men (ICC: F=6.9%, M=0.7%). Women living in more disordered neighbourhoods were 26% more likely to have high CBR as those in less disordered ones (aOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.47; p<0.05). Individuals living in EDs with greater recreational space availability were 25% less likely to have a high CBR (aOR=0.75, 95% CI=0.64 to 0.90; p<0.05).ConclusionsPolicy-makers in Jamaica should pay greater attention to neighbourhood factors such as recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder that may contribute to CBR in any effort to curtail the epidemic of NCDs.

scholarly journals Factors influencing variation in participation in the National Diabetes Audit and the impact on the Quality and Outcomes Framework indicators of diabetes care management

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E Wright ◽  
Stephen Yeung ◽  
Helen Knowles ◽  
Antoinette Woodhouse ◽  
Emma Barron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Practice Size ◽  
Practice Population ◽  
Quality And Outcomes ◽  
General Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality And Outcomes Framework

ObjectiveParticipation in the National Diabetes Audit (NDA) has become a contractual requirement for all general practices in England and is used as part of the assessment framework for sustainability and transformation partnership (STP) footprints. The study aimed to investigate general practice-related factors which may influence participation in the NDA, and the impact that participation in the NDA may have on diabetes management and patient care.Research designA cross-sectional analysis of routine primary care data from 45 725 646 patients aged 17+ years registered across 7779 general practices in England was performed using logistic regression. The main outcome measures included general practice voluntary participation in the NDA, general practice-related factors (practice size, deprivation, diabetes prevalence, geographic area, practice population age) and diabetes management outcomes (cholesterol, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)).ResultsParticipation in the NDA differed significantly according to practice size (t(7653)=−9.93, p=0.001), level of deprivation (χ2(9)=36.17, p<0.0001), diabetes prevalence (p<0.0001), practice population age (p<0.0001), and geographic area (χ2(26)=676.9, p<0.0001). In addition, the Quality and Outcomes Framework diabetes indicator HbA1c (OR 1.01, CI 1.0 to 1.01, p=0.0001) but not cholesterol (p=0.055) or blood pressure (p=0.76) was independently associated with NDA participation when controlling for practice-related factors.ConclusionVariation in NDA participation exists. It is suggested that some practices may need additional support when submitting data to the NDA and that NDA participation may have an impact on diabetes outcomes. However, the use of NDA outcomes as a measure of progress with diabetes care by STPs is still unclear and further investigation is needed.

scholarly journals Validation and clinical interpretability of PsAID - psoriatic arthritis impact of disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elziane da Cruz Ribeiro e Souza ◽  
Sueli Coelho da Silva Carneiro ◽  
Michel Alexandre Yazbek ◽  
Rita de Cássia Menin ◽  
Cristiano Barbosa Campanholo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Disease Activity Assessment

Abstract Background Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of widely varying presentation, which determines functional and psychological impairment, with a high negative impact on patients’ quality of life. Therefore, knowing the patient’s perception of their health status is of fundamental importance for understanding the real impact of PsA. Given this context, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recently developed the Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease (PsAID) - instrument to specifically assess the impact of PsA for the patient. Objective Validate the brazilian portuguese version of PsAID-12 (Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease) and to verify its interpretability in clinical practice, through its relation with measures of psoriatic arthritis activity. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study, which recruited 160 patients, who met the Classification criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR), in six Brazilian centers of rheumatology. Reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factorial analysis and also by Spearman correlation with other PROMs and measures of disease activity evaluation. Results Of the total number of participants, 50% were female, with a mean age (SD) of 54.0 ± 11.2 years; 68% had only peripheral arthritis and 32% had pure or mixed axial involvement. The majority (67.7%) of the patients were using biological treatment. The reliability of internal consistency (alpha-Cronbach = 0.93) and test-retest (ICC = 0.996) were good. Factor analysis revealed two factors, named physical and psychosocial, which included the skin evaluation item. PsAID-12 correlated significantly with other PROMs, demonstrating good construct validity. PsAID-12 was also significantly associated with the disease activity assessment instruments (DAS28-ESR, ASDAS, and BASDAI) and the MDA status: “Minimum Disease Activity”. Fibromyalgia did not significantly affect the final PsAID-12 score. Conclusion The brazilian version of PsAID-12 has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of the impact of the disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Moreover, it associated significantly with the scores of disease activity assessment.

scholarly journals General practitioners’ predictions of their own patients’ health literacy: a cross-sectional study in Belgium

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e029357
Author(s):  
Hannelore Storms ◽  
Bert Aertgeerts ◽  
Frank Vandenabeele ◽  
Neree Claes
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Health Literacy ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Patient Relationships ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesTo support patients in their disease management, providing information that is adjusted to patients’ knowledge and ability to process health information (ie, health literacy) is crucial. To ensure effective health communication, general practitioners (GPs) should be able to identify people with limited health literacy. To this end, (dis)agreement between patients’ health literacy and GPs’ estimations thereof was examined. Also, characteristics impacting health literacy (dis)agreement were studied.DesignCross-sectional survey of general practice patients and GPs undertaken in 2016–17.SettingForty-one general practices in two Dutch-speaking provinces in Belgium.ParticipantsPatients (18 years of age and older) visiting general practices. Patients were excluded when having severe impairments (physical, mental, sensory).Main outcome measuresPatients’ health literacy was assessed with 16-item European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire. GPs indicated estimations on patients’ health literacy using a simple scale (inadequate; problematic; adequate). (Dis)agreement between patients’ health literacy and GPs’ estimations thereof (GPs’ estimations being equal to/higher/lower than patients’ health literacy) was measured using Kappa statistics. The impact of patient and GP characteristics, including duration of GP–patient relationships, on this (dis)agreement was examined using generalised linear logit model.ResultsHealth literacy of patients (n=1375) was inadequate (n=201; 14.6%), problematic (n=299; 21.7%), adequate (n=875; 63.6%). GPs overestimated the proportion patients with adequate health literacy: adequate (n=1241; 90.3%), problematic (n=130; 9.5%) and inadequate (n=4; 0.3%). Overall, GPs’ correct; over-/underestimations of health literacy occurred for, respectively, 60.9%; 34.2%; 4.9% patients, resulting in a slight agreement (κ=0.033). The likelihood for GPs to over-/underestimate patients’ health literacy increases with decreasing educational level of patients; and decreasing number of years patients have been consulting with their GP.ConclusionsIntuitively assessing health literacy is difficult. Patients’ education, the duration of GP–patient relationships and GPs’ gender impact GPs’ perceptions of patients’ health literacy.

Social norms, organizational learning and bribes in emerging economies: a study of foreign invested firms in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Binh T.T. Vuong ◽  
Thang V. Nguyen ◽  
Ngoc T. Phan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Leadership ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
General Practices ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Drawing from institutional theory and organizational learning perspectives, the purpose of this paper is to examine how social norms of corruption in home countries and those in host localities influence firm bribery behavior. It also investigates factors that moderate the influence of these norms. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on survey data of foreign invested firms (FIFs) in Vietnam, conducted by the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry between 2010 and 2018 along with Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index. The authors run ordinary least squares regressions to test the hypotheses. Findings The study provides evidence that social norms of corruption in both home countries and host localities influence firms’ bribery behavior, but their effects are moderated by different sets of factors. Specifically, the use of local leadership augments the impact of the host province’s corruption norms on the firm’s bribe payments. By contrast, the relationship between the home country’s corruption norms and a FIF’s bribe payment is weaker if local leadership is used, and stronger if the FIF’s home country belongs to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Research limitations/implications Repeated cross-sectional data do not allow us to genuinely keep track of the changing roles of home country and host province corruption norms over time.[AQ2] In addition, the use of perception measures for corruption norms is subject to potential biases. Practical implications As the hiring of local executives weakens the impact of the home country’s norms which are embedded in the MNCs’ general practices, a stronger learning measure and regular review of the headquarters’ policies and practices is needed to ensure the overseas branch’s compliance. For policymakers, it is critical to recognize that local corruption plays a role in shaping FIFs’ bribery behavior. Originality/value While the effect of social norms of corruption on firm bribery behavior has been recognized, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that examines the learning processes FIFs may take to make sense of and cope with these norms, and also the first one to specify factors that moderate the influence of these norms.

scholarly journals Finalisation and validation of the rheumatoid arthritis impact of disease score, a patient-derived composite measure of impact of rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR initiative

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Gossec ◽  
S Paternotte ◽  
G J Aanerud ◽  
A Balanescu ◽  
D T Boumpas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Sensitivity To Change ◽  
Composite Measure ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveA patient-derived composite measure of the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the rheumatoid arthritis impact of disease (RAID) score, takes into account pain, functional capacity, fatigue, physical and emotional wellbeing, quality of sleep and coping. The objectives were to finalise the RAID and examine its psychometric properties.MethodsAn international multicentre cross-sectional and longitudinal study of consecutive RA patients from 12 European countries was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the different combinations of instruments that might be included within the RAID combinations scale (numeric rating scales (NRS) or various questionnaires). Construct validity was assessed cross-sectionally by Spearman correlation, reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in 50 stable patients, and sensitivity to change by standardised response means (SRM) in 88 patients whose treatment was intensified.Results570 patients (79% women, mean±SD age 56±13 years, disease duration 12.5±10.3 years, disease activity score (DAS28) 4.1±1.6) participated in the validation study. NRS questions performed as well as longer combinations of questionnaires: the final RAID score is composed of seven NRS questions. The final RAID correlated strongly with patient global (R=0.76) and significantly also with other outcomes (DAS28 R=0.69, short form 36 physical −0.59 and mental −0.55, p<0.0001 for all). Reliability was high (ICC 0.90; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.94) and sensitivity to change was good (SRM 0.98 (0.96 to 1.00) compared with DAS28 SRM 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11)).ConclusionThe RAID score is a patient-derived composite score assessing the seven most important domains of impact of RA. This score is now validated; sensitivity to change should be further examined in larger studies.

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