Faculty Opinions recommendation of Tracing from fat tissue, liver, and pancreas: a neuroanatomical framework for the role of the brain in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Fat content and volume of liver and pancreas are associated with risk of diabetes in observational studies; whether these associations are causal is unknown. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine causality of such associations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used genetic variants associated (P < 5 × 10−8) with the exposures (liver and pancreas volume and fat content) using MRI scans of UK Biobank participants (n = 32,859). We obtained summary-level data for risk of type 1 (9,358 cases) and type 2 (55,005 cases) diabetes from the largest available genome-wide association studies. We performed inverse–variance weighted MR as main analysis and several sensitivity analyses to assess pleiotropy and to exclude variants with potential pleiotropic effects. RESULTS Observationally, liver fat and volume were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio per 1 SD higher exposure 2.16 [2.02, 2.31] and 2.11 [1.96, 2.27], respectively). Pancreatic fat was associated with type 2 diabetes (1.42 [1.34, 1.51]) but not type 1 diabetes, and pancreas volume was negatively associated with type 1 diabetes (0.42 [0.36, 0.48]) and type 2 diabetes (0.73 [0.68, 0.78]). MR analysis provided evidence only for a causal role of liver fat and pancreas volume in risk of type 2 diabetes (1.27 [1.08, 1.49] or 27% increased risk and 0.76 [0.62, 0.94] or 24% decreased risk per 1SD, respectively) and no causal associations with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings assist in understanding the causal role of ectopic fat in the liver and pancreas and of organ volume in the pathophysiology of type 1 and 2 diabetes.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression

Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) ◽

10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-2-97-101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 97-101

Author(s):

Andrey. Ya. Kravchenko ◽

V. V. Sahnenko ◽

A. V. Budnevskyj ◽

S. N. Podvygyn

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

The Brain

The clinical significance of type 2 diabetes mellitus is not confined to metabolic disorders. A serious problem is also affective pathology that occurs in the majority (30-70%) of patients. However, diagnostics and correction of anxiety and depressive disorders associated with diabetes are often given insufficient attention. Many studies showed relationship between affective disorders and low adherence to the prescribed treatment resulting in general deterioration of clinical prognosis of diabetes. This review article describes the basic mechanisms behind the interrelation of affective disorders and diabetes. The role of persistent subclinical inflammation in diabetes and depression is discussed. The influence of emotional stress on the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis on the overproduction of cortisol is emphasized. The similarity of some structural changes in the brain tissue in diabetes and depression is discussed. Effect of endocrine disruption in the emotional sphere is demonstrated. Mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes and its complications provoked by depression are considered

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Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and the Brain

The Oxford Handbook of Adult Cognitive Disorders ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190664121.013.6 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 116-136

Author(s):

Olga Neyman ◽

Tamara Hershey

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Peripheral Neuropathy ◽

Side Effects ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

The World ◽

The Brain

This chapter focuses on the neurocognitive effects of diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although many of the side effects of diabetes—such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy—are well known, the consequences on cognition have received comparatively little attention. These consequences will become more important as the rate of diabetes continues to rise at a staggering rate and millions of people are affected throughout the world. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on how diabetes mellitus affects cognitive function, emphasizing the role of hypo- and hyperglycemia, while placing it in the context of diabetes as a whole.

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Urovni rezistina, adiponektinai insulinorezistentnosti u patsientov s raznoystepen'yu narusheniy uglevodnogo obmena

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/2071-8713-4838 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 57-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E S Skudaeva ◽

A V Pashentseva ◽

A F Verbovoy

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Adiponectin Level ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

Active System

The basis of type 2 diabetes is obesity and insulin resistance. Fat tissue is hormonaly active system which produces adiponectin, resistin and other adipokines. These substances participate in development of insulin resistance. The article presents the results of a study conducted to examine the role of adiponectin, resistin in development of insulin resistance in patients with IGT and type 2 diabetes. The reduction of adiponectin level and insulin resistance was found in women suffering from IGF or type 2 diabetes and in men with only type 2 diabetes. Resistin levels were increased in the examined patients with IGT and with type 2 diabetes.

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Oxidized cholesterol species as signaling molecules in the brain: diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease

Neuronal Signaling ◽

10.1042/ns20190068 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thaddeus K. Weigel ◽

Joshua A. Kulas ◽

Heather A. Ferris

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cholesterol Oxidation ◽

Oxidized Cholesterol ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Research Questions ◽

The Brain

Abstract Type 2 diabetes is associated with adverse central nervous system effects, including a doubled risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and increased risk of cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms connecting diabetes to cognitive decline and dementia are unknown. One possible link between these diseases may be the associated alterations to cholesterol oxidation and metabolism in the brain. We will survey evidence demonstrating alterations to oxysterols in the brain in AD and diabetes and how these oxysterols could contribute to pathology, as well as identifying research questions that have not yet been addressed to allow for a fuller understanding of the role of oxysterols in AD and diabetes.

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Estimating the Effect of Liver and Pancreas Volume and Fat Content on Risk of Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study

10.2337/figshare.16959133.v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Susan Martin ◽

Elena P Sorokin ◽

E. Louise Thomas ◽

Naveed Sattar ◽

Madeleine Cule ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Fat Content ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Liver And Pancreas ◽

Pancreas Volume

Objective: Fat content and volume of liver and pancreas are associated with risk of diabetes in observational studies; whether these associations are causal is unknown. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine causality of such associations. Research design and methods: We used genetic variants associated (p < 5×10−8) with the exposures (liver and pancreas volume and fat content) using MRI scans of UK Biobank participants (n=32,859). We obtained summary-level data for risk of type 1 (9,358 cases) and type 2 (55,005 cases) diabetes from the largest available genome-wide association studies. We performed inverse-variance weighted MR as main analysis and several sensitivity analyses to assess pleiotropy and to exclude variants with potential pleiotropic effects. Results: Observationally, liver fat and volume were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation (SD) higher exposure 2.16 [2.02 - 2.31] and 2.11 [1.96, 2.27], respectively). Pancreatic fat was associated with type 2 diabetes (1.42 [1.34, 1.51]) but not type 1 diabetes, and pancreas volume was negatively associated with type 1 diabetes (0.42 [0.36, 0.48]) and type 2 diabetes (0.73 [0.68, 0.78]). MR analysis provided evidence only for a causal role of liver fat and pancreas volume on risk of type 2 diabetes (1.27 [1.08,1.49] or 27% increased risk and 0.76 [0.62,0.94] or 24% decreased risk per 1SD, respectively) and no causal associations with type 1 diabetes. Conclusions: Our findings assist in understanding the causal role of ectopic fat in the liver and pancreas and of organ volume in the pathophysiology of type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Download Full-text

Estimating the Effect of Liver and Pancreas Volume and Fat Content on Risk of Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study

10.2337/figshare.16959133 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Susan Martin ◽

Elena P Sorokin ◽

E. Louise Thomas ◽

Naveed Sattar ◽

Madeleine Cule ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Fat Content ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Liver And Pancreas ◽

Pancreas Volume

Objective: Fat content and volume of liver and pancreas are associated with risk of diabetes in observational studies; whether these associations are causal is unknown. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine causality of such associations. Research design and methods: We used genetic variants associated (p < 5×10−8) with the exposures (liver and pancreas volume and fat content) using MRI scans of UK Biobank participants (n=32,859). We obtained summary-level data for risk of type 1 (9,358 cases) and type 2 (55,005 cases) diabetes from the largest available genome-wide association studies. We performed inverse-variance weighted MR as main analysis and several sensitivity analyses to assess pleiotropy and to exclude variants with potential pleiotropic effects. Results: Observationally, liver fat and volume were associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation (SD) higher exposure 2.16 [2.02 - 2.31] and 2.11 [1.96, 2.27], respectively). Pancreatic fat was associated with type 2 diabetes (1.42 [1.34, 1.51]) but not type 1 diabetes, and pancreas volume was negatively associated with type 1 diabetes (0.42 [0.36, 0.48]) and type 2 diabetes (0.73 [0.68, 0.78]). MR analysis provided evidence only for a causal role of liver fat and pancreas volume on risk of type 2 diabetes (1.27 [1.08,1.49] or 27% increased risk and 0.76 [0.62,0.94] or 24% decreased risk per 1SD, respectively) and no causal associations with type 1 diabetes. Conclusions: Our findings assist in understanding the causal role of ectopic fat in the liver and pancreas and of organ volume in the pathophysiology of type 1 and 2 diabetes.

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