Application of the Spores of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Lecanicillium Muscarium for Control of Adelgids on Conifers in the Peter the Great Botanical Garden

This article discusses the possibility of using the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium R. Zare & W. Gams (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against the fir adelgid Adelges pectinatae pectinatae (Cholodkovsky, 1888) and Siberian cedar adelgid Pineus cembrae (Cholodkovsky, 1888) on the Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., and pines Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus banksiana Lamb. The blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus L. muscarium strain G-033 VIZR, in the concentration of 5x107 spores/ml, showed a high efficiency on both of the species of adelgid. On the 17th day, the mortality of P. cembrae was 73% on P. sibirica and 61% on P. banksiana, and the mortality of the species A. pectinatae pectinatae on A. sibirica was 74%. The effect of the spore application had a prolonged effect over the next month on all treated trees. Keywords: entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium muscarium, adelgid, conifers

AGE-SPECIFIC DYNAMICS OF ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT IN ABIES SIBIRICA BARK. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF EVALUATION

The variability of the essential oil content in Abies Sibirica bark in the Eastern and Western parts of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe was evaluated in eight age groups. The model of the age dynamics of changes in the essential oil content in the bark of Abies Sibirica, which is adequate to the experimental data, was obtained. With increasing age of fir, the content of fir oil in the bark increases from 1.4±0.1% of a. s. s. in 20–30 years of age to 2.8±0.2% of a.s.s. at the age of 70–80 years, with further decreases to 0.4±0.1% of a. s. s. in overmature trees. The results of parametric identification of the model for Abies Sibirica growing in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe are presented. Based on the results of 50.000 computational experiments, the simulation method estimates the statistics of changes in the model coefficients and 95% of the boundary of the forecast values of the content of fir oil in the bark. A compartment model is proposed that explains the age-specific dynamics of essential oil content in tree greens and Siberian fir bark. The obtained solution compartment model allows us to associate its parameters with the coefficients of models of changes in the content of fir oil in tree greens and bark obtained by processing experimental data.

State of the relict species Abies sibirica Ledeb. in the natural monument «Sinegorskaya fir grove» (Koktau mountains)

The article presents the results of studies of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ledeb.) in the natural monument «Sinegorskaya fir grove». In order to study the current state and development of the relict population field expeditions were conducted. By route-reconnaissance method the main occupied areas of the population on Mountain Medvedka were observed: the eastern, northern and western slopes, as well as two peaks. The studied population is represented by all age groups. There are 3 main types of A. sibirica Ledeb. phytocenoses: birch-fir (Betula pendula Roth, A. sibirica Ledeb.), fir (A. sibirica Ledeb.) and fir-aspen (Populus tremula L., A. sibirica Ledeb.). Parameters such as the height of mature trees, annual growth, length of young needles and the amount of young undergrowth have been determined. It has been established that the regeneration of the species directly depends on the type of phytocenosis. Based on the results of observations of the state, renewal and dispersal of Siberian fir only birch-fir communities are characterized by optimal conditions. In communities with aspen the species is severely oppressed. Diseases and pests were found in clean plantations. The limiting factors for the species are xerophytization of the habitat and the lack of sufficient soil layer. As additional protection measures to increase regeneration artificial re-sowing of seeds and planting of fir seedlings were suggested. Constant monitoring of the state of the population was proposed.

FINDING OF THE BARK BEETLE POLYGRAPHUS PROXIMUS BLANDFORD, 1894 (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE) IN UDMURTIA

The data on the first finds in the Udmurt Republic (and the East of European Russia as a whole) of a dangerous invasive species of bark beetle of the Far Eastern origin - Polygraphus proximus Blandford, 1894, are presented. The species was discovered in 2019 simultaneously in four districts (Zavyalovsky, Malopurginsky, Kiyasovsky and Sarapulsky) of the central and southern parts of the republic. The established areas damaged by the Polygraphus proximus of forest stands are located both near railway tracks and highways, and in the depths of natural forests in which Siberian fir grows ( Abies sibirica Ledeb.), which indicates a long-term hidden invasion of the pest and its adaptation in Udmurtia. Further outbreak of the pest can lead to catastrophic consequences for forests with the participation of fir in the region. In addition, in the stands damaged by the Polygraphus proximus , an increase in the number of local species of longhorn beetles, associated with fir, is possible. In connection with the extreme potential harmfulness of this invader, it is necessary to carry out sanitary and recreational activities in order to localize and eliminate the identified outbreak foci of the pest, as well as to clarify the forest areas occupied by the Polygraphus proximus in the territory of the Udmurt Republic and adjacent regions, with introduction of quarantine and monitoring measures.

THE ANTIHYPOXIC ACTIVITY OF SIBERIAN FIR ESSENTIAL OIL FRACTIONS

The component composition and antihypoxic activity of Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) essential oil fractions were researched. The foliage of Siberian fir, collected on the territory of the Ilyinsky district of the Perm region in a dark coniferous forest was the raw material for obtaining the essential oil. Samples for the research were collected in December 2018 from trees 40–50 years old. The essential oil was obtained with the Clevenger apparatus. Determination of the component composition of Siberian fir essential oil fractions was made by using chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Experiments for determination of antihypoxic activity of Siberian fir essential oil fractions were made on a hypoxic hypoxia model with hypercapnia. According to the results of the research, it was found that the first fraction is more saturated with monoterpene compounds, but the proportion of sesquiterpenoids increases in following fractions. The main components of all fir oil fractions are: bornylacetate, limonene, ∆3-carene, karyophyllene. It was found that the fractions 1 and 2 have the highest antihypoxic activity in comparison with the reference sample. For further research, we offer fraction 1, because it contains the high level of bornylacetate, and the lowest content of ∆3-carene, which inhibits the ubiquinol cytochrome-C reductase complex, interrupting mitochondrial and cell respiration.

COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF SIBERIAN FIR ABIES SIBIRICA LDB., GROWING IN DIF-FERENT AREAS OF THE KIROV REGION

Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ldb.) Is a raw material for obtaining valuable essential oil. A change in the composition of the plant's essential oil can serve as a sign of the ecological disadvantage of the territory. The aim of the work was to study the composition and physicochemical properties of Siberian fir essential oil, which grows in different regions of the Kirov region. Sampling sites were distinguished by their location, climate and level of anthropogenic load. Essential oil was obtained by steam distillation. Samples were studied by organoleptic and physicochemical properties, their composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was established that the acid number was increased in the obtained oil samples, and oxygen-containing derivatives of terpenes (bornyl acetate) prevailed in their composition. Especially a lot of oxygen-containing substances was found in fir essential oil, which grows in large industrial centers of the region (the cities of Kirov and Kirovo-Chepetsk). The predominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons (camphene, limonene) was found in the composition of fir essential oil from the village of Ilyinskoye. Sesquiterpenoids in the samples were contained in a small amount, and camphor was noted only in the sample of fir oil from the village of Loino. The study confirms the data that with increasing pollution of the territory in the composition of the essential oil of Siberian fir, the share of bornyl acetate and other oxygen-containing compounds begins to increase.