Faculty Opinions recommendation of Pep1, a secreted effector protein of Ustilago maydis, is required for successful invasion of plant cells.

The cell re-entry assay is widely used to evaluate pathogen effector protein uptake into plant cells. The assay is based on the premise that effector proteins secreted out of a leaf cell would translocate back into the cytosol of the same cell via a yet unknown host-derived uptake mechanism. Here, we critically assess this assay by expressing domains of the effector proteins AvrM-A of Melampsora lini and AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans fused to a signal peptide and fluorescent proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. We found that the secreted fusion proteins do not re-enter plant cells from the apoplast and that the assay is prone to false-positives. We therefore emit a cautionary note on the use of the cell re-entry assay for protein trafficking studies.

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A Secreted Effector Protein of Ustilago maydis Guides Maize Leaf Cells to Form Tumors

The Plant Cell ◽

10.1105/tpc.114.131086 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 1332-1351 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Amey Redkar ◽

Rafal Hoser ◽

Lena Schilling ◽

Bernd Zechmann ◽

Magdalena Krzymowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ustilago Maydis ◽

Effector Protein ◽

Maize Leaf

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EffHunter: A Tool for Prediction of Effector Protein Candidates in Fungal Proteomic Databases

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10050712 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 712 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano ◽

Ignacio Islas-Flores ◽

Julio Vega-Arreguín ◽

Luis Sáenz-Carbonell ◽

Blondy Canto-Canché

Keyword(s):

Plant Cells ◽

Computational Prediction ◽

Cysteine Residue ◽

Transmembrane Domains ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Effector Protein ◽

Bioinformatics Tool ◽

Secretion Signal ◽

Plant Fungi

Pathogens are able to deliver small-secreted, cysteine-rich proteins into plant cells to enable infection. The computational prediction of effector proteins remains one of the most challenging areas in the study of plant fungi interactions. At present, there are several bioinformatic programs that can help in the identification of these proteins; however, in most cases, these programs are managed independently. Here, we present EffHunter, an easy and fast bioinformatics tool for the identification of effectors. This predictor was used to identify putative effectors in 88 proteomes using characteristics such as size, cysteine residue content, secretion signal and transmembrane domains.

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The Salmonella effector protein SpvC, a phosphothreonine lyase is functional in plant cells

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2014.00548 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Christina Neumann ◽

Malou Fraiture ◽

Casandra HernÃ ndez-Reyes ◽

Fidele N. Akum ◽

Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Cells ◽

Effector Protein

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SEM study of the morphological effects of kinetin and zeatin on the growth and development of the apical meristem in wheat

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141263 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 978-979

Author(s):

G. M. Hutchins ◽

J. S. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Furfuryl Alcohol ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Morphological Development ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Chinese Spring Wheat ◽

Sem Study ◽

Moist Environment

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a large and incompletely understood role in the life-cycle of plants. The goal of this study was to determine what roles cytokinins play in the morphological development of wheat. To achieve any real success in altering the development and growth of wheat, the cytokinins must be applied directly to the apical meristem, or spike of the plant. It is in this region that the plant cells are actively undergoing mitosis. Kinetin and Zeatin were the two cytokinins chosen for this experiment. Kinetin is an artificial hormone that was originally extracted from old or heated DNA. Kinetin is easily made from the reaction of adenine and furfuryl alcohol. Zeatin is a naturally occurring hormone found in corn, wheat, and many other plants.Chinese Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used for this experiment. Prior to planting, the seeds were germinated in a moist environment for 72 hours.

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Confocal microscopy of the cytoskeleton in living plant cells following microinjection of fluorescent probes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100146497 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 130-131

Author(s):

Ann Cleary

Keyword(s):

Cell Division ◽

Fluorescent Probes ◽

Actin Filaments ◽

Intracellular Transport ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Cell Plate ◽

Cell Cortex ◽

Living Plant ◽

Rhodamine Phalloidin

Microinjection of fluorescent probes into living plant cells reveals new aspects of cell structure and function. Microtubules and actin filaments are dynamic components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell growth, division and intracellular transport. To date, cytoskeletal probes used in microinjection studies have included rhodamine-phalloidin for labelling actin filaments and fluorescently labelled animal tubulin for incorporation into microtubules. From a recent study of Tradescantia stamen hair cells it appears that actin may have a role in defining the plane of cell division. Unlike microtubules, actin is present in the cell cortex and delimits the division site throughout mitosis. Herein, I shall describe actin, its arrangement and putative role in cell plate placement, in another material, living cells of Tradescantia leaf epidermis.The epidermis is peeled from the abaxial surface of young leaves usually without disruption to cytoplasmic streaming or cell division. The peel is stuck to the base of a well slide using 0.1% polyethylenimine and bathed in a solution of 1% mannitol +/− 1 mM probenecid.

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Scanning electron microscopy of plant cells using a variable-pressure SEM and cryogenic techniques

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100147144 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 260-261

Author(s):

M. Yamada ◽

K. Ueda ◽

K. Kuboki ◽

H. Matsushima ◽

S. Joens

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Saturated Vapor ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Variable Pressure ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Vapor Pressures ◽

Low Temperature Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron

Use of variable Pressure SEMs is spreading among electron microscopists The variable Pressure SEM does not necessarily require specimen Preparation such as fixation, dehydration, coating, etc which have been required for conventional scanning electron microscopy. The variable Pressure SEM allows operating Pressure of 1˜270 Pa in specimen chamber It does not allow microscopy of water-containing specimens under a saturated vapor Pressure of water. Therefore, it may cause shrink or deformation of water-containing soft specimens such as plant cells due to evaporation of water. A solution to this Problem is to lower the specimen temperature and maintain saturated vapor Pressures of water at low as shown in Fig. 1 On this technique, there is a Published report of experiment to have sufficient signal to noise ratio for scondary electron imaging at a relatively long working distance using an environmental SEM. We report here a new low temperature microscopy of soft Plant cells using a variable Pressure SEM (Hitachi S-225ON).

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Efficient initiation of translation at non-AUG triplets in plant cells.

The Plant Journal ◽

10.1046/j.1365-313x.1992.t01-17-00999.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 809-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

K Gordon ◽

J Futterer ◽

T Hohn

Keyword(s):

Plant Cells ◽

Initiation Of Translation

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