SEM study of the morphological effects of kinetin and zeatin on the growth and development of the apical meristem in wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 978-979
Author(s):  
G. M. Hutchins ◽  
J. S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chinese Spring Wheat ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Moist Environment

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a large and incompletely understood role in the life-cycle of plants. The goal of this study was to determine what roles cytokinins play in the morphological development of wheat. To achieve any real success in altering the development and growth of wheat, the cytokinins must be applied directly to the apical meristem, or spike of the plant. It is in this region that the plant cells are actively undergoing mitosis. Kinetin and Zeatin were the two cytokinins chosen for this experiment. Kinetin is an artificial hormone that was originally extracted from old or heated DNA. Kinetin is easily made from the reaction of adenine and furfuryl alcohol. Zeatin is a naturally occurring hormone found in corn, wheat, and many other plants.Chinese Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used for this experiment. Prior to planting, the seeds were germinated in a moist environment for 72 hours.

scholarly journals Naturally Occurring Ecdysteroids in Triticum aestivum L. and Evaluation of Fenarimol as a Potential Inhibitor of Their Biosynthesis in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2855
Author(s):  
Anna Janeczko ◽  
Jana Oklestkova ◽  
Danuše Tarkowská ◽  
Barbara Drygaś
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
P450 Monooxygenase ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Potential Use

Ecdysteroids (ECs) are steroid hormones originally found in the animal kingdom where they function as insect molting hormones. Interestingly, a relatively high number of these substances can also be formed in plant cells. Moreover, ECs have certain regulatory effects on plant physiology, but their role in plants still requires further study. One of the main aims of the present study was to verify a hypothesis that fenarimol, an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of ECs in the animal kingdom, also affects the content of endogenous ECs in plants using winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. as a model plant. The levels of endogenous ECs in winter wheat, including the estimation of their changes during a course of different temperature treatments, have been determined using a sensitive analytical method based on UHPLC-MS/MS. Under our experimental conditions, four substances of EC character were detected in the tissue of interest in amounts ranging from less than 1 to over 200 pg·g−1 FW: 20-hydroxyecdysone, polypodine B, turkesterone, and isovitexirone. Among them, turkesterone was observed to be the most abundant EC and accumulated mainly in the crowns and leaves of wheat. Importantly, the level of ECs was observed to be dependent on the age of the plants, as well as on growth conditions (especially temperature). Fenarimol, an inhibitor of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, was shown to significantly decrease the level of naturally occurring ECs in experimental plants, which may indicate its potential use in studies related to the biosynthesis and physiological function of these substances in plants.

Growth and Development of Cultured Plant Cells

Science ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 143 (3601) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Steward ◽  
M. O. Mapes ◽  
A. E. Kent ◽  
R. D. Holsten
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Cells

scholarly journals Influence of prometryne (Gesagard 50) on pectic substances and calcium contents in the above-ground parts of the field pea (Pisum arvense L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Renata Ciszewska ◽  
Anna Sykut ◽  
Jadwiga Szynal
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Pisum Arvense ◽  
Pectic Substances

The content of pectic substances (soluble pectins and fraction of protopectins) and calcium (free and bound) in field pea (<i>Pisum arvense</i> L.) leaves and stems during budding and flowering in field conditions was determined. In this experiment Gesagard 50 (S. A. - 50% prometryne) was applied to the soil in a weed control dose (2 kg/ha). An insignificant decrease of the content of protopectins and total pectins in leaves of the investigated plants (about 3-7% in relation to control) after application of this herbicide was noted, hut analogous changes in all years of the experiment were not observed in field pea stems. The influence of prometryne on the distribution of pectic substances in above-ground parts of the field pea and the degree of protopectins methylation were not corroborated. Neither did the total calcium content in the investigated plants change after application ofthe herbicide. These results show that application of Gesagard 50 in a weed control dose (2 kg/ha) in cultivation of field pea does not evoke changes in the investigated components content which might be of significance in the growth and development of plant cells and immunity reactions of plants.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN POTENSI PRODUKSI GANDUM (Triticum aestivum L.) DI SULAWESI UTARA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAT LUNAK SHIERARY WHEAT VERSI 2.0

EUGENIA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Johannes E. X. Rogi ◽  
Siska J. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Hypothetical Data ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Input Model

The demand of wheat increases yearly in Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesia has imported wheat fromoverseas. Agronomically, wheat could be cultivated in Indonesia. Simulation model using ShieraryWheat ver 2.2 software developed by Handoko (1992) will be used in this studi. This software has beenvalidated by Rogi (1996) in several areas in Indonesia. This model has daily resolution which explainsinteraction between growth and development of wheat. Model inputs include weather elements such asradiation, temperature, humidity, wind and rainfall. Soil physical field capacity (water condition in thesoil), characteristic such as field capacity, wilt permanent point, and evaporation together with pH, totalnitrogen were incorporated in the model. Agronomical inputs such as irrigation, nitrogenous fertilizer,ground water and total nitrogen were used as hypothetical data. The research was aiming to assessthe best location and time for cultivated wheat ini North Sulawesi. The result showed that planted timein August had potential high yield followed by January, March, April, May, and Septemnber respectively.The suitable lacations for cultivated wheat in North Sulawesi were Tondano, Langowan, Tompaso,Tompaso Baru, and Kotamobagu. The best potential high yield was found in areas which had optimal ofair temperature and rainfall.Keywords : Wheat, Agronomically, Simulation model, Shierary Wheat Ver 2.0 ABSTRAKKebutuhan gandum yang terus meningkat setiap tahun di Indonesia dipenuhi dengan cara mengimpor,padahal secara agronomis gandum saat ini dapat dibudidayakan di daerah tropis dengan produksi yanglebih tinggi dan waktu panen yang lebih pendek. Penentuan daerah-daerah pengembangan Gandum diIndonesia seperti di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara penting untuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan modelsimulasi. Perangkat lunak Shierary Wheat Ver 2.0 yang dikembangkan Handoko tahun 1992 diMelbourne Australia dan divalidasi oleh Rogi (1996) dan telah dikalibrasi pada berbagai tempat diIndonesia. Model ini mempunyai resolusi harian yang menjelaskan proses interaksi antaraperkembangan dan pertumbuhan tanaman gandum. Input model terdiri dari unsur-unsur cuaca beruparadiasi matahari, suhu udara, kelembaban udara, kecepatan angin, dan curah hujan, sedangkan sifatfisik tanah (kapasitas lapang, titik layu permanen dan parameter evaporasi), serta sifat kimia tanah (pH,nitrogen total). Input agronomis berupa irigasi, pupuk nitrogen, kondisi awal berupa kadar air tanah dannitrogen total menggunakan data asumsi. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan waktudan lokasi tanam yang terbaik untuk Tanam Gandum di Sulawesi Utara. Hasil penelitian mendapatkanbahwa Waktu tanam 1 Agustus mempunyai potensi hasil paling baik kemudian berturut-turut Januari,Maret, April, Mei dan September dengan lokasi yang sesuai adalah Tondano, Langowan, Tompaso,Tompaso Baru, dan Kotamobagu.

Calcium/Calmodulin Affects Microtubule Stability in Lysed Protoplasts

1991 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
RICHARD J. CYR
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Microtubule Stability ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cycle Dependent ◽  
Carrot Protoplasts

Microtubules (Mts) are found in four distinct arrays appearing sequentially in a cell-cycle-dependent fashion within the cells of higher plants. Additionally, the cortical Mts of non-cycling cells are spatially altered in a variety of differentiated states. Information regarding the molecular details underlying these Mt-reorientation events in plant cells is scarce. Moreover, it is unclear how cytoskeletal behavior integrates with the myriad of other cellular activities that are altered concomitantly in both differentiating and cycling cells. Data are presented herein to indicate that calcium, in the form of a Ca2+/calmodulin complex, can alter the behavior of Mts in lysed carrot protoplasts. Mechanistically, we show that Ca2+/calmodulin most likely interacts with Mts via associations with microtubule associated pro- teins (MAPS). These results are discussed with reference to how Ca2+ may alter the dynamic behavior of Mts during growth and development.

scholarly journals Some Mechanisms Modulating the Root Growth of Various Wheat Species under Osmotic-Stress Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1545
Author(s):  
Nina V. Terletskaya ◽  
Tamara E. Lee ◽  
Nazira A. Altayeva ◽  
Nataliya O. Kudrina ◽  
Irina V. Blavachinskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Species Specific

The role of the root in water supply and plant viability is especially important if plants are subjected to stress at the juvenile stage. This article describes the study of morphophysiological and cytological responses, as well as elements of the anatomical structure of primary roots of three wheat species, Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Shuebl., and Triticum aestivum L., to osmotic stress. It was shown that the degree of plasticity of root morphology in water deficit affected the growth and development of aboveground organs. It was found that in conditions of osmotic stress, the anatomical root modulations were species-specific. In control conditions the increase in absolute values of root diameter was reduced with the increase in the ploidy of wheat species. Species-specific cytological responses to water deficit of apical meristem cells were also shown. The development of plasmolysis, interpreted as a symptom of reduced viability apical meristem cells, was revealed. A significant increase in enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase under osmotic stress was found to be one of the mechanisms that could facilitate root elongation in adverse conditions. The tetraploid species T. dicoccum Shuebl. were confirmed as a source of traits of drought tolerant primary root system for crosses with wheat cultivars.

Soil-lime reaction and microstructural development at elevated temperatures

Clay Minerals ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wild ◽  
M. Arabi ◽  
G. Leng-Ward
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Cementitious Material ◽  
Microstructural Development ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Soil Minerals ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Moist Environment

AbstractMineralogical analysis of Devonian Red Marl using XRD, TEM, SEM and EDAX showed that it consisted of illite, quartz, and feldspar with minor amounts of chlorite and hematite. Physico-chemical changes in the soil minerals on reaction with lime (calcium hydroxide) from one day up to two years were investigated by these techniques to gain information on the soil-lime reaction mechanism. Significant reaction of the soil minerals and lime was found to occur only at elevated temperatures (50–75°C) in a moist environment. At these temperatures, formation, growth and development of fibrous and foil-like cementitious material was observed. XRD analysis provided no strong evidence for the formation of new phases. TEM analysis and EDAX, however, showed that the newly-formed fibrous and foil-like material consisted of an amorphous calcium silicate aluminate hydrate gel, similar to the gels formed during hydrothermal treatment of lime-silica, but with lower calcium to silicon ratios than previously reported for such gels. The morphological development of the gel suggested that it formed as a result of the progressive breakdown of the clay component in the soil by reaction with the calcium ions from the lime.

DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE INFLORESCENCE IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT CULTIVARS WITH AND WITHOUT THE CULTIVAR NORIN 10 IN THEIR ANCESTRY

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN E. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
The Individual

The morphological development of the spike in short-statured hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from the cultivar Norin 10, and in Norin 10 as well, was markedly different from that in standard hexaploid wheats. In Norin 10 and its derivatives, the single ridges (slowly growing leaf primordia) on the elongating apex were considerably larger and spikelet primordia initiation and expansion were markedly delayed, resulting in a long apex with many single ridges. When spikelet development commenced, it was much more synchronous and hence gave rise to longer heads than in standard wheat in which spikelet development began soon after the start of the elongation of the apex. In most Norin 10 derivatives, more spikelets were initiated than in standard wheat. Apical dominance in the spike appeared to be stronger than in standard wheats. Also, apical dominance within the individual spikelets appeared to be greater, the net result being more fertile florets per spikelet. The developmental pattern of the spike of Norin 10 and its derivatives resembled, to a marked degree, the developmental pattern of rye (Secale cereale L.).

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