scholarly journals Examination of resistance to Sclerotinia stalk and head rot in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids

2015 ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Viktor Vojnich ◽  
Attila Hüvely ◽  
András Palkovics
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Replacement ◽  
Head Rot

Nowadays, phytopathogenic fungi cause the most serious yield loss in open field cultures, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is no exception to this phenomenon. Sclerotinia stalk and head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) is present in the whole area of Hungary, and can cause serious financial loss. In our experiment, sunflower hybrids were tested for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. 16 sunflower hybrids were examined at the Experimental Breeding Site in Jászboldogháza. Pesticide treatment and also nutrient replacement were applied on the sunflower fields.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO DE CULTIVARES DE GIRASSOL EM DUAS ÉPOCAS DE PLANTIO DE SAFRINHA NO PLANALTO NORTE CATARINENSE

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Luiz BACKES ◽  
Adriano Martinho de SOUZA ◽  
Alvadi Antonio BALBINOT JUNIOR ◽  
Gilson José Marcinichen GALLOTTI ◽  
Alvimar BAVARESCO
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum

O cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus) tem se mostrado uma nova opção econômica em diversas regiões do Brasil. O crescimento na área de cultivo se deve ao fomento conseqüente ao Programa Nacional de Biodiesel. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de aquênios e alguns caracteres de importância agronômica em cultivares de girassol semeado em duas épocas de safrinha no Planalto Norte Catarinense. Foram realizados dois experimentos no município de Papanduva/Planalto Norte Catarinense. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram avaliadas 12 cultivares na primeira época de semeadura (janeiro) e 13 na segunda época (fevereiro). Verificaram-se diferenças entre cultivares quanto ao ciclo até a maturação de colheita, que variou de 93 a 107 dias, de acordo com a cultivar e época de semeadura. Na segunda época houve altos índices de acamamento (até 29%) e quebra de plantas (até 42%) em algumas cultivares. Na primeira época 10,8% dos capítulos foram infectados com Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Na segunda época este percentual aumentou para 45%, fator que influenciou a produtividade média obtida, de 1861 e 618 kg ha-1, na primeira e na segunda época, respectivamente.

Dicamba, Chlorsulfuron, and Clopyralid as Sprayer Contaminants on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Mustard (Brassica juncea), and Lentil (Lens culinaris), Respectively

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Grass Weed

Simulated sprayer tank residues of the broadleaf weed herbicides dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid applied alone and with the grass weed herbicides sethoxydim and diclofop on sunflower, tame mustard, and lentil, respectively, caused visible crop injury and reduced dry weight and yield. Dry weight production in the greenhouse and crop tolerance ratings in the field indicated that the grass weed herbicides enhanced crop injury from dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid. Yield reductions in field experiments were also greater when dicamba and clopyralid were mixed with grass weed herbicides and applied on sunflower and lentil, respectively. This did not occur with chlorsulfuron applied to mustard. When mixed with simulated broadleaf weed herbicide residues, diclofop enhanced dry weight reductions and crop injury and reduced yield to a greater extent than sethoxydim. Crop tolerance ratings differentiated treatments and rates but were not a good estimate of the extent of yield loss. When broadleaf weed herbicides were applied at rates simulating sprayer tank residues alone or combined with grass weed herbicides, yield losses ranged up to 40% in sunflower, 70% in mustard, and 95% in lentil, compared to the untreated check.

Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Interference in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly R. Durgan ◽  
Alan G. Dexter ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kochia Scoparia

Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 at two locations to determine the influence of various densities and durations of kochia interference in sunflower. Sunflower achene yield and dry weight were reduced by all densities of kochia, averaged over locations and years. Season-long competition by kochia densities of 0.3, 1, 3, and 6 plants/m of row decreased sunflower achene yield 7, 10, 20, and 27%, respectively. Sunflower achene yield and sunflower dry weight decreased as weeks of kochia competition increased. Only 2 weeks of kochia competition after sunflower emergence decreased sunflower achene yield 6%. Sunflower achene yield loss increased as the duration of kochia competition increased. Sunflower 200 achene weight, oil content, and plant height were not influenced by various densities or durations of kochia competition.

Is pollinator visitation of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) influenced by cultivar or pesticide treatment?

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Stejskalová ◽  
Veronika Konradyová ◽  
Marie Suchanová ◽  
Jan Kazda
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Pesticide Treatment

scholarly journals pH Signaling in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Identification of a pacC/RIM1 Homolog

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Rollins ◽  
Martin B. Dickman
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Zinc Finger Domains

ABSTRACT Sclerotinia sclerotiorum acidifies its ambient environment by producing oxalic acid. This production of oxalic acid during plant infection has been implicated as a primary determinant of pathogenicity in this and other phytopathogenic fungi. We found that ambient pH conditions affect multiple processes in S. sclerotiorum. Exposure to increasing alkaline ambient pH increased the oxalic acid accumulation independent of carbon source, sclerotial development was favored by acidic ambient pH conditions but inhibited by neutral ambient pH, and transcripts encoding the endopolygalacturonase gene pg1 accumulated maximally under acidic culture conditions. We cloned a putative transcription factor-encoding gene, pac1, that may participate in a molecular signaling pathway for regulating gene expression in response to ambient pH. The three zinc finger domains of the predicted Pac1 protein are similar in sequence and organization to the zinc finger domains of the A. nidulans pH-responsive transcription factor PacC. The promoter of pac1 contains eight PacC consensus binding sites, suggesting that this gene, like its homologs, is autoregulated. Consistent with this suggestion, the accumulation ofpac1 transcripts paralleled increases in ambient pH. Pac1 was determined to be a functional homolog of PacC by complementation of an A. nidulans pacC-null strain with pac1. Our results suggest that ambient pH is a regulatory cue for processes linked to pathogenicity, development, and virulence and that these processes may be under the molecular regulation of a conserved pH-dependent signaling pathway analogous to that in the nonpathogenic fungus A. nidulans.

scholarly journals Superoxide radical induces sclerotial differentiation in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi: a superoxide dismutase mimetics study

Microbiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 960-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Papapostolou ◽  
Christos D. Georgiou
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Indirect Indicator ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase Mimetics ◽  
Sclerotial Differentiation

This study shows that the superoxide radical (O2 •−), a direct indicator of oxidative stress, is involved in the differentiation of the phytopathogenic filamentous fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia minor, shown by using superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics to decrease their sclerotial differentiation. The production rate of O2 •− and SOD levels in these fungi, as expected, were significantly lowered by the SOD mimetics, with concomitant decrease of the indirect indicator of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation.

SCLEROTINIA HEAD ROT IN SAFFLOWER: ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE AND EFFECTS ON YIELD AND OIL CONTENT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. -H. MÜNDEL ◽  
H. C. HUANG ◽  
G. C. KOZUB
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Head Rot

Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to screen 20 lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for resistance to head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Plots were artificially infested with sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum at seeding and irrigated during the growing season to maintain adequate moisture for carpogenic germination of sclerotia and production of apothecia. The reaction of each line to S. sclerotiorum was similar for the 2 years. Severity of head rot varied significantly among the 20 lines tested, ranging from 6% for Lesaf 34C-OO to 62% for Gila in 1982 and from 0.3% for Lesaf 34C-OO to 31% for PCA in 1983. Level of resistance was not related to the level of maturity of the lines. Yield losses ranged from 81 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 678 kg/ha for Gila in 1982 and from 14 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 935 kg/ha for PCA in 1983. Healthy plants averaged 4.4% more oil in the seed than did the corresponding parental lines. This study has demonstrated the possibility of developing early maturing safflower lines resistance to sclerotinia head rot for production on the Canadian Prairies.Key words: Carthamus tinctorius, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

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