Dicamba, Chlorsulfuron, and Clopyralid as Sprayer Contaminants on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Mustard (Brassica juncea), and Lentil (Lens culinaris), Respectively

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Derksen
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Grass Weed

Simulated sprayer tank residues of the broadleaf weed herbicides dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid applied alone and with the grass weed herbicides sethoxydim and diclofop on sunflower, tame mustard, and lentil, respectively, caused visible crop injury and reduced dry weight and yield. Dry weight production in the greenhouse and crop tolerance ratings in the field indicated that the grass weed herbicides enhanced crop injury from dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid. Yield reductions in field experiments were also greater when dicamba and clopyralid were mixed with grass weed herbicides and applied on sunflower and lentil, respectively. This did not occur with chlorsulfuron applied to mustard. When mixed with simulated broadleaf weed herbicide residues, diclofop enhanced dry weight reductions and crop injury and reduced yield to a greater extent than sethoxydim. Crop tolerance ratings differentiated treatments and rates but were not a good estimate of the extent of yield loss. When broadleaf weed herbicides were applied at rates simulating sprayer tank residues alone or combined with grass weed herbicides, yield losses ranged up to 40% in sunflower, 70% in mustard, and 95% in lentil, compared to the untreated check.

Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Interference in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly R. Durgan ◽  
Alan G. Dexter ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kochia Scoparia

Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 at two locations to determine the influence of various densities and durations of kochia interference in sunflower. Sunflower achene yield and dry weight were reduced by all densities of kochia, averaged over locations and years. Season-long competition by kochia densities of 0.3, 1, 3, and 6 plants/m of row decreased sunflower achene yield 7, 10, 20, and 27%, respectively. Sunflower achene yield and sunflower dry weight decreased as weeks of kochia competition increased. Only 2 weeks of kochia competition after sunflower emergence decreased sunflower achene yield 6%. Sunflower achene yield loss increased as the duration of kochia competition increased. Sunflower 200 achene weight, oil content, and plant height were not influenced by various densities or durations of kochia competition.

scholarly journals The impact of cultivar resistance and fungicide treatment on mycotoxin content in grain and yield losses caused by Fusarium head blight in wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Šíp ◽  
J. Chrpová ◽  
O. Veškrna ◽  
L. Bobková
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Reactions to artificial infection with Fusarium graminearum isolates and a new fungicide Swing Top were studied in nine winter wheat cultivars evaluated in field experiments at two sites for three years for expression of symptoms, deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain and grain yield. The results demonstrate a pronounced and relatively stable effect of cultivar resistance on reducing head blight, grain yield losses and contamination of grain by the mycotoxin DON. It is advantageous that the moderate level of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) was detected also in two commonly grown Czech cultivars Sakura and Simila. Average fungicide efficacy for DON was 49.5% and 63.9% for a reduction in yield loss, however, it was found highly variable in different years and sites. The joint effect of cultivar resistance and fungicide treatment was 86.5% for DON and even 95.4% for reducing the yield loss. A very high risk was documented for susceptible cultivars and also the effects of medium responsive cultivars were found to be highly variable in different environments and therefore not guaranteeing sufficient protection against FHB under different conditions.

scholarly journals Modeling the Competitive Effect of Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus sp. in Zero Input Rainfed Chickpea

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. IKRAM ◽  
A. TANVEER ◽  
R. MAQBOOL ◽  
M.A. NADEEN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Seed Protein Content ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Crop Competition ◽  
Weed Removal

ABSTRACT: Brown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the two chickpea types grown in Pakistan and other countries. The critical period for weed removal in a rainfed chickpea system is an important consideration in devising weed management strategies. Field experiments were conducted in the winter season of 2011 and 2012 to determine the extent of yield loss with different periods of weed crop competition. Seven weed crop competition periods (0, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 160 days after sowing - DAS) were used to identify the critical period for weed removal in rainfed chickpea. Experimental plots were naturally infested with Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus sp. in both years. Individual, composite density and dry weights of E. dracunculoides and Astragalussp. increased significantly with an increase in the competition period. However, yield and yield-contributing traits of chickpea significantly decreased with an increase in the competition period. Chickpea seed yield loss was 11-53% in different weed crop competition periods. Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus sp. removed 39.9 and 36.9 kg ha-1 of N, 9.61 and 7.27 kg ha-1 of P and 38.3 and 36.9 kg ha-1 of K, respectively. Season long weed competition (160 days after sowing) resulted in 19.5% seed protein content compared with 24.5% seed protein content in weed-free chickpea. A Logistic equation was fitted to yield data in response to increasing periods of weed crop competition. The critical timing of weed removal at 5 and 10% acceptable yield losses were 26 and 39 DAS, respectively. The observed critical period suggests that in rainfed chickpea, a carefully timed weed removal could prevent grain yield losses.

Economic and interference threshold densities of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) in potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Régis Baziramakenga ◽  
Gilles D. Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Dry Biomass

Field studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 at St-Augustin, Quebec, Canada, to determine the economic threshold density of quackgrass in potato. Potato yield losses due to quackgrass interference increased with quackgrass population density. Potato yield ranged from 33 to 73% in 1989, and from 19 to 44% in 1990. The relationship between potato yield losses and quackgrass densities was described by a rectangular hyperbolic function. Dry weight of quackgrass proved to be the best predictor of potato yield loss compared to shoot number. The interference thresholds for 10% potato yield loss amounted to 25 shoots m−2or 20 g total dry biomass m−2. The economic threshold varied between 0.04 and 2 shoots m−2or 0.0165 and 1.5 g total dry biomass m−2, depending on the variables considered.

scholarly journals Tolerance of grain sorghum to PRE- and POST-applied photosystem II–inhibiting herbicides

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-703
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Jacob Richburg ◽  
Tom Barber ◽  
Trenton L. Roberts ◽  
Edward Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Sorghum Production

AbstractAtrazine offers growers a reliable option to control a broad spectrum of weeds in grain sorghum production systems when applied PRE or POST. However, because of the extensive use of atrazine in grain sorghum and corn, it has been found in groundwater in the United States. Given this issue, field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville and Marianna, Arkansas, to explore the tolerance of grain sorghum to applications of assorted photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with S-metolachlor (PRE and POST) or mesotrione (POST only) as atrazine replacements. All experiments were designed as a factorial, randomized complete block; the two factors were (1) PSII herbicide and (2) the herbicide added to create the mixture. The PSII herbicides were prometryn, ametryn, simazine, fluometuron, metribuzin, linuron, diuron, atrazine, and propazine. The second factor consisted of either no additional herbicide, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione; however, mesotrione was excluded in the PRE experiments. Crop injury estimates, height, and yield data were collected or calculated in both studies. In the PRE study, injury was less than 10% for all treatments except those containing simazine, which caused 11% injury 28 d after application (DAA). Averaged over PSII herbicide, S-metolachlor–containing treatments caused 7% injury at 14 and 28 DAA. Grain sorghum in atrazine-containing treatments yielded 97% of the nontreated. Grain sorghum receiving other herbicide treatments had significant yield loss due to crop injury, compared with atrazine-containing treatments. In the POST study, ametryn- and prometryn-containing treatments were more injurious than all other treatments 14 DAA. Grain sorghum yield in all POST treatments was comparable to atrazine, except prometryn plus mesotrione, which was 65% of the nontreated. More herbicides should be evaluated to find a comparable fit to atrazine when applied PRE in grain sorghum. However, when applied POST, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, metribuzin, propazine, and simazine have some potential to replace atrazine in terms of crop tolerance and should be further tested as part of a weed control program across a greater range of environments.

Round-leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla) Interference in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Lentil (Lens culinaris) in Saskatchewan

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberte M. D. Makowski
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Tiller Density

The competitive ability of annual round-leaved mallow was determined in spring wheat and lentil at Indian Head and Regina, Saskatchewan, in 1985 and 1986 using paired quadrats. Significant biomass and seed yield loss occurred in three of four tests in lentil and two of three tests in spring wheat. Differences in numbers of wheat tillers produced between weedy and weed-free plots were found in three of four tests. A two-variable model comprised of early season crop density loss and round-leaved mallow biomass best accounted for the majority of variation in crop yield loss for both lentil and wheat, and tiller density loss in wheat. In 1985 at Indian Head, where no yield loss occurred for either wheat or lentil, round-leaved mallow had been seeded immediately before the crop. Greater yield losses occurred at Regina, in the presence of an older, well-established infestation. In the years and locations with the greatest crop yield losses, round-leaved mallow emerged before the crop causing poor crop emergence. At Regina in 1986, crop yield losses were more than 60% in wheat and 90 to 100% in lentil because of large differences in crop density between weed-free and weedy subplots. Round-leaved mallow exhibited great variability in growth, producing more biomass per plant, more capsules per plant, and more capsules per gram of biomass in the less competitive crop, lentil, than in wheat. Density and biomass of round-leaved mallow were not correlated; with a density of 200 plants m−2, round-leaved mallow biomass in wheat ranged from 100 to 500 g m−2; while in lentil, from 200 to as high as 1000 g m−2, approximately double the range found in wheat. The type of round-leaved mallow infestation (newly seeded or well-established) and environmental conditions (mainly early season precipitation) account for differences between sites and between years.

Use of Infrared Thermometry in Determining Critical Stress Periods Induced by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Jack Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Infrared Thermometry ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Field experiments were conducted during 1981 and 1982 in Ontario, Canada, on the effects of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and the usefulness of infrared thermometry in predicting critical periods of weed interference. Soybean seed yield, dry weight, number of leaves, height, and number of pods were substantially reduced due to quackgrass interference. High levels of P and K fertility did not overcome the quackgrass interference. Part of the competitive effects of quackgrass was alleviated by irrigation. Infrared thermometry successfully detected the first occurrence of quackgrass-induced stress during the early soybean flowering stage, when the quackgrass was in the four-leaf gtowth stage. This coincided with the onset of the first significant soybean yield loss. No additional soybean yield loss occurred after quackgrass reached the five-leaf growth stage. There was an inverse relation between accumulated stress degree days and soybean yield reductions due to quackgrass interference. The use of the stress degree day concept may be a valuable tool in predicting soybean yield losses due to quackgrass interference.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) tolerance to sublethal doses of imazethapyr

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Oil Content ◽  
Pyridinecarboxylic Acid ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Herbicide Drift

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1995 at Morden, Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of sunflower to sublethal doses of imazethapyr {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid). Imazethapyr was applied at 0, 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 g a.i. ha−1 plus a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% vol/vol when sunflowers were in the six-leaf stage. Dosages higher than 1.5 g ha−1 severely injured sunflowers in some years. Injury symptoms consisted of chlorosis, stunting and seed head deformities. At the dosages tested, imazethapyr reduced sunflower yields in only 1 of 4 yr. In 1994, dosages greater than 1.5 g ha−1 reduced achene yields by 19–38%. Seed oil content was reduced in 2 of 4 yr. At 6 g ha−1 of imazethapyr seed oil content was reduced by as much as 3.2 percentage points compared with the untreated check. While low dosages of imazethapyr may not reduce yields in most years, the potential for severe yield losses and reduced oil contents exist and caution should be used when applying imazethapyr in fields next to sunflowers. Key words: Crop injury, herbicide drift, yield, oil content

Cotton Growth and Yield Response to Simulated 2,4-D and Dicamba Drift

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Everitt ◽  
J. Wayne Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Crop Injury

Field experiments were conducted in Hale Co., TX, in 2005 and 2006 to determine the effects of 2,4-D amine and dicamba applied at varying rates and growth stages on cotton growth and yield, and to correlate cotton injury levels and lint yield reductions. Dicamba or 2,4-D amine was applied at four growth stages including cotyledon to two-leaf, four- to five-leaf, pinhead square, and early bloom. Dicamba and 2,4-D amine were applied at 1/2, 1/20, 1/200, and 1/2000 of the recommended use rate. Crop injury was recorded at 14 days after treatments and late-season, and cotton lint yields were determined. Across all growth stages, 2,4-D caused more crop injury and yield loss than dicamba. Cotton lint was reduced more by later applications (especially pinhead square) and injury underestimated yield loss with 2,4-D. Visual estimates of injury overestimated yield loss when 2,4-D or dicamba was applied early (cotyledon to two leaf) and was not a good predictor of yield loss.

Effect of Nicosulfuron Mixtures and Time of Application on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Cultivars

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Littlefield ◽  
Daniel L. Colvin ◽  
Barry J. Brecke ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Significant Injury

Field experiments were conducted near Marianna, Trenton, and Archer, FL in 1990 and 1991 to investigate the effect of nicosulfuron mixtures and time of application on five peanut cultivars. Nicosulfuron at 54 g ai/ha was applied alone or in mixture with 2,4-DB at 280 g ai/ha 5 weeks after planting (WAP), 9 WAP, or 5 plus 9 WAP. Injury was greater from early and sequential nicosulfuron applications while a single application 9 WAP typically did not cause significant injury or reduce peanut yield. The 5 WAP and 5 plus 9 WAP applications often caused early visible injury and sometimes reduced peanut yield. When peanut yields were compared, ‘Florigiant’ was the most sensitive cultivar while ‘Southern Runner’ and ‘Valencia’ were more tolerant to nicosulfuron. ‘Sunrunner’ and ‘NC-7’ were intermediate in tolerance to nicosulfuron. In several instances, the addition of 2,4-DB to nicosulfuron reduced initial crop injury and ameliorated yield losses resulting from nicosulfuron applied alone.

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