SCLEROTINIA HEAD ROT IN SAFFLOWER: ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE AND EFFECTS ON YIELD AND OIL CONTENT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. -H. MÜNDEL ◽  
H. C. HUANG ◽  
G. C. KOZUB
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Head Rot

Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to screen 20 lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for resistance to head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Plots were artificially infested with sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum at seeding and irrigated during the growing season to maintain adequate moisture for carpogenic germination of sclerotia and production of apothecia. The reaction of each line to S. sclerotiorum was similar for the 2 years. Severity of head rot varied significantly among the 20 lines tested, ranging from 6% for Lesaf 34C-OO to 62% for Gila in 1982 and from 0.3% for Lesaf 34C-OO to 31% for PCA in 1983. Level of resistance was not related to the level of maturity of the lines. Yield losses ranged from 81 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 678 kg/ha for Gila in 1982 and from 14 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 935 kg/ha for PCA in 1983. Healthy plants averaged 4.4% more oil in the seed than did the corresponding parental lines. This study has demonstrated the possibility of developing early maturing safflower lines resistance to sclerotinia head rot for production on the Canadian Prairies.Key words: Carthamus tinctorius, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Seeding-date effects on yield, quality and maturity of safflower

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-H. Mündel ◽  
R. J. Morrison ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
T. Entz ◽  
B. T. Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Maturity Degree ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

Experiments were conducted for 4 yr at Lethbridge and Brooks, Alberta, and at Morden, Manitoba, to determine the effect of seeding date, cultivar (Saffire, S-208 and Cargill-3) and location on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) yield, oil content, test weight and maturity; and the effect of accumulated degree–days (DD) on yield, oil content and test weight. The early-maturing cultivar, Saffire, produced the least variable yields across seeding dates. For locations and years where fall frosts did not occur before maturity, Cargill-3 produced good yields, even with late seeding; S-208 yielded less in similar situations; however, S-208 generally outyielded Saffire. Highest yields were obtained at Brooks by seeding in late April, at Lethbridge, by seeding in late April or early May. However, at both Alberta locations, Saffire could usually be seeded to mid-May without major yield reduction. At Morden, seeding during the third week of May provided optimum yields. Seeding date had little influence on oil content. Later seeding dates tended to reduce days to maturity and test weight. Safflower matured 3 wk earlier at Morden (earliest site) than at Lethbridge (latest site), with maturity at Brooks averaging 4–8 days earlier than at Lethbridge. Plants required more DD to reach maturity at Morden than at either Alberta location. DD was positively associated with yield of S-208 at both Lethbridge and Morden; for Saffire, only at Lethbridge; and for Cargill-3, only at Morden. DD generally did not significantly affect oil or test weight. Key words: Safflower, Carthamus, agronomy, seeding dates, yield, oil, test weight, maturity, degree–days

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) tolerance to sublethal doses of imazethapyr

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Oil Content ◽  
Pyridinecarboxylic Acid ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Herbicide Drift

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1995 at Morden, Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of sunflower to sublethal doses of imazethapyr {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid). Imazethapyr was applied at 0, 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 g a.i. ha−1 plus a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% vol/vol when sunflowers were in the six-leaf stage. Dosages higher than 1.5 g ha−1 severely injured sunflowers in some years. Injury symptoms consisted of chlorosis, stunting and seed head deformities. At the dosages tested, imazethapyr reduced sunflower yields in only 1 of 4 yr. In 1994, dosages greater than 1.5 g ha−1 reduced achene yields by 19–38%. Seed oil content was reduced in 2 of 4 yr. At 6 g ha−1 of imazethapyr seed oil content was reduced by as much as 3.2 percentage points compared with the untreated check. While low dosages of imazethapyr may not reduce yields in most years, the potential for severe yield losses and reduced oil contents exist and caution should be used when applying imazethapyr in fields next to sunflowers. Key words: Crop injury, herbicide drift, yield, oil content

scholarly journals Effect of sunflower head rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] on impurities in harvested product, and oil content and acidity.

1969 ◽  
Vol 85 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Agüero ◽  
Víctor R. Pereyra ◽  
Alberto R. Escande
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Head Rot

The effect of sunflower head rot on impurities in the harvested product (HP), oil content (OC) and oil acidity (OA) was studied. Levels of 0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50,80 and 100% of disease incidence (Dl) were analyzed. The HP was either weighed and left untouched or it was divided into three fractions: seeds, sclerotia and other impurities. For OC and OA measurement, we analyzed samples from each Dl level composed of seeds (S), seeds and scleratia (S+Sci), seeds and other impurities (S+Ol), and untouched original samples (S+Sct+Ol). Disease incidence significantly affected the composition of the harvested product. At greater Dl levels, seed percentage went down and impurities rose. Sclerotia were the most abundant impurities. With 100% Dl, seed represented 65% and sclerotia 25% of the HP. At greater Dl ievels, OC went down and OA rose. Content of seeds in the HP defined OC. Sclerotia content was the main reason for the increase in OA. At 100% Dl, S+Scl samples yielded 31% Jess OC and 53% more OA than the S samples. Key words: sunflower, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, oil content, oil acidity

Effects of timing and intensity of spider mite infestation on the oil yield of cotton crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
VO Sadras ◽  
LJ Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Normal Leaf ◽  
Seed Oil Content ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Leaf Type

We assessed the effects of timing and intensity of spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) infestation on the oil yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops. Artificially infested crops of cv. Deltapine 90 (normal leaf) and Siokra 1-4 (okra leaf) were compared in 2 field experiments. Actual timing of infestation ranged from 59 to 127 days after sowing and intensity of infestations ranged from 64 mites per leaf in the most severe treatment to almost nil in controls. Mites significantly reduced oil yield in both experiments; yield reductions were greater in the normal-leaf than in the okra-leaf type. Oil yield losses declined with the delay in the onset of infestation. Under low and moderate levels of infestation, oil yield losses were associated with reductions in seed production. Under more severe infestations lower seed oil content also contributed to the reduction in oil yield.

FIELD EVALUATION ON NONSALINE SOILS OF A SOMACLONAL VARIANT OF McGREGOR FLAX SELECTED FOR SALT TOLERANCE IN VITRO

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. ROWLAND ◽  
A. McHUGHEN ◽  
C. McONIE
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Somaclonal Variant ◽  
Early Maturing

Field experiments, comparing the performance of a tissue-culture-derived salt-tolerant selection (STS) of McGregor flax (Linum usitatissimum) with the cultivars McGregor, Linott, Noralta, NorLin and NorMan, were sown at three nonsaline locations in Saskatchewan in 1984 and 1985. The salient feature of this experiment was the dissimilarity of STS to its parent, McGregor. STS yielded less, was earlier to bolt, flower and mature, and had larger seeds with a lower oil content than McGregor. The yield of STS was similar to other early-maturing cultivars under test.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, somaclonal variation, seed yield

scholarly journals Introduction and productivity of oilseeds of the Asteraceae family under conditions of the Middle Volga region

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (25) ◽  
pp. 164-173
Author(s):  
T.Ya. Prakhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Middle Volga

The article presents an assessment of the productivity and quality of oilseeds of the Asteraceae family in the agro-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The object of the research: safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), guizotia (Guizotia abyssinica). Insufficient amount of precipitation was observed during the growing season of 2019 (Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) – 0.68). In 2020, a moderate precipitation deficiency was observed during the growing season (166.9 mm); year was characterized as arid (HTC 0.78). The growing season 2018 was severely arid (HTC 0.34). The length of the safflower growing season during the monitoring years was 108–121 days, guizotia — 111–130 days, milk thistle — from 111 to 117 days. The number of developed flower heads per one safflower plant was 15.3, guizotia – 112.5, milk thistle – 7.5. The productivity of one plant varied from 9.2 to 19.2 g; the coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.1–29.3 %.1000-seed weight did not vary significantly; CV ranged from 2.5 (guizotia) to 7.3 % (milk thistle). All crops in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region formed a high yield of oilseeds (0.88–1.68 t/ha) with oil content up to 24.51–40.62 % and were characterized as highly drought tolerant (62.1–71.3 %). Guizotia abyssinica provided a high yield of seeds (1.54–1.68 t/ha) and a significant content of oil in them (40.62 %). The drought-tolerant coefficient (DC) was 68.5 %. Carthamus tinctorius is an amazing drought tolerant plant; DC – 71.3 %. On average, its seed yield amounted to 1.37 t/ha; oil content – 24.51 %. Content of oleic acid in Silybum marianum oil was high (29.43 %), seed oil content – up to 29.31 %, seed productivity – 0.70–0.88 t/ha. In general, these crops combine high oilseeds’ productivity and quality and are of interest for introduction in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region.

scholarly journals Estimating the Leaf Nitrogen Content with a New Feature Extracted from the Ultra-High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Images in Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Jiale Jiang ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Xue Wang ◽  
Tao Cheng ◽  
Yongchao Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Textural Analysis ◽  
Hyperspectral Images ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
New Feature

Real-time and accurate monitoring of nitrogen content in crops is crucial for precision agriculture. Proximal sensing is the most common technique for monitoring crop traits, but it is often influenced by soil background and shadow effects. However, few studies have investigated the classification of different components of crop canopy, and the performance of spectral and textural indices from different components on estimating leaf nitrogen content (LNC) of wheat remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate a new feature extracted from near-ground hyperspectral imaging data to estimate precisely the LNC of wheat. In field experiments conducted over two years, we collected hyperspectral images at different rates of nitrogen and planting densities for several varieties of wheat throughout the growing season. We used traditional methods of classification (one unsupervised and one supervised method), spectral analysis (SA), textural analysis (TA), and integrated spectral and textural analysis (S-TA) to classify the images obtained as those of soil, panicles, sunlit leaves (SL), and shadowed leaves (SHL). The results show that the S-TA can provide a reasonable compromise between accuracy and efficiency (overall accuracy = 97.8%, Kappa coefficient = 0.971, and run time = 14 min), so the comparative results from S-TA were used to generate four target objects: the whole image (WI), all leaves (AL), SL, and SHL. Then, those objects were used to determine the relationships between the LNC and three types of indices: spectral indices (SIs), textural indices (TIs), and spectral and textural indices (STIs). All AL-derived indices achieved more stable relationships with the LNC than the WI-, SL-, and SHL-derived indices, and the AL-derived STI was the best index for estimating the LNC in terms of both calibration (Rc2 = 0.78, relative root mean-squared error (RRMSEc) = 13.5%) and validation (Rv2 = 0.83, RRMSEv = 10.9%). It suggests that extracting the spectral and textural features of all leaves from near-ground hyperspectral images can precisely estimate the LNC of wheat throughout the growing season. The workflow is promising for the LNC estimation of other crops and could be helpful for precision agriculture.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Control in Drill-Seeded Rice (O. sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Diarra ◽  
Roy J. Smith ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Culm Density ◽  
High Yields

Field experiments were conducted to investigate methods of controlling red rice (Oryza sativaL. ♯ ORYSA) in drill-seeded rice (O. sativa). Treatments included the rice cultivar ‘Mars', coated with calcium peroxide (CaO2) at 40% (w/w) and a crop protectant, R-33865 (O,O-diethyl-O-phenyl phosphorothioate) at 0.5 and 1% (v/w). Molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) at 6.7 kg ai/ha was applied preplant incorporated (ppi). The land was flooded (2.5 to 5 cm deep) after seeding with rice (100 kg/ha, 2.5 cm deep), and the water was maintained throughout the growing season. CaO2, with or without molinate, increased rice grain yield 50% and increased rice culm density fivefold above untreated rice. Molinate applied ppi controlled 96% of the red rice. Rice seed coated with only CaO2or with CaO2plus R-33865 at 0.5%, each combined with ppi molinate, produced 5690 and 6030 kg/ha of grain, respectively. These high yields were associated with red rice control by molinate and good stands of rice provided by O2supplied by CaO2. R-33865 applied to rice seed at 1% (v/w) injured rice by reducing rice culm densities 41%, compared with rice without protectant.

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