scholarly journals Mending “the injurie of oblivion”: “Englishing” Chaucer and Barbour in early printed editions

Sederi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
Antony Henk

This article examines the editorial choices made in Edinburgh printer Andro Hart’s 1616 edition of John Barbour’s Brus. Comparison of the 1616 Hart edition with Thomas Speght’s 1602 Chaucer edition displays similar concerns with preserving accessibility to historical texts despite significant language changes in both Older Scots and English, noting shared employment of assistive paratextual apparati. Linguistic assessment comparing Hart and Speght’s editions to their parent texts demonstrates how both editors modernize language to improve reader accessibility while preserving archaic qualities and metricality. Contextualization of the declining prestige of Older Scots during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries further clarifies this assessment. Hart’s edition portrays both a genesis of mutual intelligibility between Scots and English, and a coda for Older Scots as a literary prestige tongue.

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Lung

Abstract This article argues that interpreters are crucial figures in the recording of history. Evidence taken from historical texts in ancient China is used to verify the claim that interpreters’ notes might have been used as a reference in composing historical records. By documenting the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907) policy to have interpreters interview foreign envoys and submit the relevant accounts to the Bureau of Historiography, this article provides background for the link between interpreters’ interview notes and history compilation in China. Evidence is further drawn from the history of the Sui dynasty (AD 581-618), whereby an interpreter’s mediated account of the emperor’s conversation with a Japanese envoy was directly adapted. Most interestingly, pictorial and written documents of foreign peoples made in the mid-6th century during the Liang dynasty (AD 502-557) were found to be very similar to the written accounts about these foreign peoples in Liangshu, the history of the Liang dynasty, completed in the early 7th century. Apparently, there is a solid link between the interview accounts and historical accounts about foreign peoples in China. Thus, there is a strong possibility that interpreters’ notes, in the form of reports, provide important, if not primary, sources for history compilation in China.


PARADIGMA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 979-1003
Author(s):  
Walter Otto Beyer Kessler

Esta investigación tiene como centro el estudio comparativo de tres ediciones venezolanas de los Elementos de Geometría de André Marie Legendre, libro ampliamente usado en Venezuela. La indagación se realizó siguiendo el método histórico y la metodología de análisis de textos históricos. Se dispuso de la existencia de ejemplares de estas ediciones accesibles en las Bibliotecas Nacional de Venezuela, de la Universidad Central de Venezuela y en la personal del investigador. Se hace una descripción del ejemplar de la obra de cada edición, considerando y comparando entre sí diversos elementos constitutivos del texto. Se detalla lo referido a la traducción del impreso, determinándose qué componente nacional estuvo presente y el papel jugado en ello por el ingeniero Jesús Muñoz Tébar. Entre los resultados destacables están: la obra circuló en Venezuela al menos desde 1841 prolongando su presencia hasta bien entrado el siglo XX; la primera edición venezolana disponible es la de 1854: una impresión (sin las notas) de la traducida por Gilmán publicada en París en 1827. La de 1854 es la edición hispanoamericana más antigua hallada hasta ahora; la parte de geometría y la de trigonometría se publicaron en las ediciones analizadas en un solo volumen, siguiendo el patrón de la francesa; en las ediciones consultadas, posteriores a la de 1854, las partes de geometría y de trigonometría tienen diferentes fechas de edición; la edición de 1908/1895 tiene las figuras intercaladas en el texto. Desde 1873 se ha vinculado a Muñoz Tébar con la traducción, pudiendo determinarse qué él es efectivamente el traductor de esta edición del texto y de las subsiguientes tiradas que se hicieron en Venezuela.Palabras clave: Enseñanza de la Geometría, Legendre, Libros de geometría, Elementos de GeometríaOs quatro ases do baralho: um trio de edições produzidas em Caracas do livro Elementos de Geometría de Legendre e mais ... várias que estão perdidasResumoEsta pesquisa enfoca o estudo comparativo de três edições venezuelanas dos Elementos de Geometria de André Marie Legendre, um livro amplamente usado na Venezuela. A investigação foi realizada seguindo o método histórico e a metodologia de análise de textos históricos. Havia cópias disponíveis dessas edições acessíveis na Biblioteca Nacional da Venezuela, na Universidade Central da Venezuela e na pessoal do pesquisador. É feita uma descrição da cópia do trabalho de cada edição, considerando e comparando entre si vários elementos constituintes do texto. É detalhado o que se refere ao a tradução do impresso, sendo determinado qual componente nacional estava presente e o papel desempenhado pelo engenheiro Jesús Muñoz Tébar. Entre os resultados notáveis estão: a obra circulou na Venezuela pelo menos desde 1841, prolongando sua presença até o início do século XX; a primeira edição venezuelana disponível é a de 1854: uma impressão (sem as notas) da traduzida por Gilmán publicada em Paris em 1827, sendo a da 1854 a mais antiga edição hispano-americana encontrada até agora; a parte da geometria e a parte da trigonometria foram publicados nas edições analisadas em um único volume, seguindo o padrão francês; nas edições consultadas, subseqüentes à de 1854, as partes da geometria e da trigonometria têm datas de edição diferentes; a edição de 1908/1895 tem as figuras intercaladas no texto. Desde  1873, Muñoz Tébar está vinculado à tradução, e pode-se determinar que ele é realmente o tradutor desta edição do texto e das edições subsequentes que foram feitas na Venezuela. Palavras chave: Ensino de geometria, Legendre, Livros de geometria, Elementos de GeometriaThe Four Aces of the Deck of Card: a Trio of Caracas´s Editions of the Legendre´s book Geometry Elements plus ... several that are lostAbstractThis research focuses on the comparative study of three Venezuelan editions of the Elements of Geometry by André Marie Legendre, a book widely used in Venezuela. The investigation was carried out following the historical method and the methodology of analysis of historical texts. There were available copies of these editions accessible in the National Library of Venezuela, the library of the Central University of Venezuela and a copy of the researcher. Adescription of the copy of the book of each edition is made, considering and comparing among themselves various constituent elements of the text. Details regarding the translation of the book are discussed, determining which national component was present and the role played in it by the engineer Jesús Muñoz Tébar. Among the notable results are: the work circulated in Venezuela at least since 1841, prolonging its presence until the beginning of the 20th century; the first Venezuelan edition available is that of 1854: a print (without the notes) of the one translated by Gilman published in Paris in 1827. The 1854 printing is the oldest Spanish-American edition found so far; the geometry part and the trigonometry part in the editions analyzed were published in a single volume following the French pattern; in the consulted editions, subsequent to that of 1854, the parts of geometry and trigonometry have differentedition dates; the 1908/1895 edition has the figures interspersed in the text. Since 1873 Muñoz Tébar has been linked to translation, and it can be determined that he is indeed the translator of this edition of the text and of the subsequent editions that were made in Venezuela.Keywords: Geometry Teaching, Legendre, books of Geometry, Elements of Geometry


1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.


Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
William G. Boldosser

Ultramicrotomy produces plastic deformation in the surfaces of microtomed TEM specimens which can not generally be observed unless special preparations are made. In this study, a typical biological composite of tissue (infundibular thoracic attachment) infiltrated in the normal manner with an embedding epoxy resin (Epon 812 in a 60/40 mixture) was microtomed with glass and diamond knives, both with 45 degree body angle. Sectioning was done in Portor Blum Mt-2 and Mt-1 microtomes. Sections were collected on formvar coated grids so that both the top side and the bottom side of the sections could be examined. Sections were then placed in a vacuum evaporator and self-shadowed with carbon. Some were chromium shadowed at a 30 degree angle. The sections were then examined in a Phillips 300 TEM at 60kv.Carbon coating (C) or carbon coating with chrom shadowing (C-Ch) makes in effect, single stage replicas of the surfaces of the sections and thus allows the damage in the surfaces to be observable in the TEM. Figure 1 (see key to figures) shows the bottom side of a diamond knife section, carbon self-shadowed and chrom shadowed perpendicular to the cutting direction. Very fine knife marks and surface damage can be observed.


Author(s):  
M. Ashraf ◽  
F. Thompson ◽  
S. Miki ◽  
P. Srivastava

Iron is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. However, the sources of intracellular iron in myocytes are not yet defined. In this study we have attempted to localize iron at various cellular sites of the cardiac tissue with the ferrocyanide technique.Rat hearts were excised under ether anesthesia. They were fixed with coronary perfusion with 3% buffered glutaraldehyde made in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer pH 7.3. Sections, 60 μm in thickness, were cut on a vibratome and were incubated in the medium containing 500 mg of potassium ferrocyanide in 49.5 ml H2O and 0.5 ml concentrated HC1 for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following rinses in the buffer, tissues were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Spurr medium.The examination of thin sections revealed intense staining or reaction product in peroxisomes (Fig. 1).


Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.


Author(s):  
T. R. Dinger

Zirconia (ZrO2) is often added to ceramic compacts to increase their toughness. The mechanisms by which this toughness increase occurs are generally accepted to be those of transformation toughening and microcracking. The mechanism of transformation toughening is based on the presence of metastable tetragonal ZrO2 which transforms to the monoclinic allotrope when stressed by a propagating crack. The decrease in volume which accompanies this transformation effectively relieves the applied stress at the crack tip and toughens the material; microcrack toughening arises from the deflection of a propagating crack around sharply angular inclusions.These mechanisms, however, do not explain the toughness increases associated with the class of composites investigated here. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) has been used to determine whether solid solution effects could be the cause of this increased toughness. Specimens of a mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) + 15 vol. % ZrO2 were prepared by the usual technique of mechanical thinning followed by ion beam milling. All observations were made in a Philips EM400 TEM/STEM microscope fitted with EDXS and EELS spectrometers.


Author(s):  
F. Monchoux ◽  
A. Rocher ◽  
J.L. Martin

Interphase sliding is an important phenomenon of high temperature plasticity. In order to study the microstructural changes associated with it, as well as its influence on the strain rate dependence on stress and temperature, plane boundaries were obtained by welding together two polycrystals of Cu-Zn alloys having the face centered cubic and body centered cubic structures respectively following the procedure described in (1). These specimens were then deformed in shear along the interface on a creep machine (2) at the same temperature as that of the diffusion treatment so as to avoid any precipitation. The present paper reports observations by conventional and high voltage electron microscopy of the microstructure of both phases, in the vicinity of the phase boundary, after different creep tests corresponding to various deformation conditions.Foils were cut by spark machining out of the bulk samples, 0.2 mm thick. They were then electropolished down to 0.1 mm, after which a hole with thin edges was made in an area including the boundary


Author(s):  
Imre Pozsgai ◽  
Klara Erdöhalmi-Torok

The paintings by the great Hungarian master Mihaly Munkacsy (1844-1900) made in an 8-9 years period of his activity are deteriorating. The most conspicuous sign of the deterioration is an intensive darkening. We have made an attempt by electron beam microanalysis to clarify the causes of the darkening. The importance of a study like this is increased by the fact that a similar darkening can be observed on the paintings by Munkacsy’s contemporaries e.g Courbet and Makart. A thick brown mass the so called bitumen used by Munkacsy for grounding and also as a paint is believed by the art historians to cause the darkening.For this study, paint specimens were taken from the following paintings: “Studio”, “Farewell” and the “Portrait of the Master’s Wife”, all of them are the property of the Hungarian National Gallery. The paint samples were embedded in a polyester resin “Poly-Pol PS-230” and after grinding and polishing their cross section was used for x-ray mapping.


Author(s):  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
D. Hoyt ◽  
P. Karns ◽  
G. Martin ◽  
M. Memon ◽  
...  

The most frequently occuring abnormality of the male genital system in mammals is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The reasons for abdominal or inguinal retention of testes could be anatomic malformation, faulty development or hormone imbalance.Cryptorchidism has been associated with either greatly reduced or absent spermatogenesis (Kaueakami et al, 1984), and being a source of neoplasia. According to Stick (1980), germinal carcinoma cells have been believed to be the cause of teratomas in equine cryptorchid testicles. Neoplasia has been reported in descended testes of unilateral cryptorchid patients (Martin et al, 1981).No distinction has been made in relating the problem of cryptorchid testes to inguinal or abdominal retention. The purpose of this study is to record the morphological differences between inguinal and abdominal cryptorchid testes as an aid in diagnosis and prognosis.


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