The evaluation of limb symmetry indices using ground reaction forces collected with one or two force plates in healthy dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabby Sandberg ◽  
Sarah Robb ◽  
Steven Budsberg ◽  
Nicola Volstad
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Data

SummaryObjective: To compare the variability of symmetry indices within and between days when using one and two force plates for data collection.Animals: Seventeen healthy client-owned adult dogs.Methods: Vertical ground reaction force data were collected in a crossover study design, with four collection sessions on two consecutive days, and then two weeks apart (days 1, 2, 15, and 16) using both 1-plate and 2-plate collection methods. Symmetry indices were calculated for limb pairs using two standard equations (SI1 and SI2). Repeated measures analysis was used to compare symmetry indices data between plate systems and days. Significance was set at p <0.05.Results: There were no significant differences between plate systems for SI1 and SI2. There were no significant differences between data collected on different days and no significant interaction effects between variables. Symmetry indices were consistently larger for ground reaction forces calculated from non-consecutive footfalls.Conclusions: The use of two force plate systems will minimize variance caused by trial repetition and paired limb variation. When comparing SI1 to SI2, results were not significantly different. However, there were consistently higher mean values for SI1 compared with SI2 and symmetry indices were consistently larger for 1-plate systems compared to 2-plate systems for both symmetry indices.

The Effects of Cryotherapy on Ground-Reaction Forces Produced during a Functional Task

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Kinzey ◽  
Mitchell L. Cordova ◽  
Kevin J. Gallen ◽  
Jason C. Smith ◽  
Justin B. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground

Objective:To determine whether a standard 20-min ice-bath (10°C) immersion of the leg alters vertical ground-reaction-force components during a 1 -legged vertical jump.Design:A 1 × 5 factorial repeated-measures model was used.Setting:The Applied Biomechanics Laboratory at The University of Mississippi.Participants:Fifteen healthy and physically active subjects (age = 22.3 ± 2.1 years, height = 177.3 ± 12.2 cm, mass = 76.3 ± 19.1 kg) participated.Intervention:Subjects performed 25 one-legged vertical jumps with their preferred extremity before (5 jumps) and after (20 jumps) a 20-min cold whirlpool to the leg. The 25 jumps were reduced into 5 sets of average trials.Main Outcome Measures:Normalized peak and average vertical ground-reaction forces, as well as vertical impulse obtained using an instrumented force platform.Results:Immediately after cryotherapy (sets 2 and 3), vertical impulse decreased (P= .01); peak vertical ground-reaction force increased (set 2) but then decreased toward baseline measures (P= .02). Average vertical ground-reaction force remained unchanged (P>.05).Conclusions:The authors advocate waiting approximately 15 min before engaging in activities that require the production of weight-bearing explosive strength or power.

Effects of trial repetition, limb side, intraday and inter-week variation on vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction forces in clinically normal Labrador Retrievers

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Nordquist ◽  
J. Fischer ◽  
S. Y. Kim ◽  
S. M. Stover ◽  
T. Garcia-Nolen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Labrador Retrievers ◽  
Force Data

SummaryObjectives: To document the contributions of trial repetition, limb side, and intraday and inter-week measurements on variation in vertical and craniocaudal ground reaction force data.Methods: Following habituation, force and time data were collected for all four limbs of seven Labrador Retrievers during sets of five valid trot trials. Each set was performed twice daily (morning and afternoon), every seven days for three consecutive weeks. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of limb, trial, intraday, and inter-week factors on ground reaction force data for the thoracic and pelvic limbs.Results: Of the four factors evaluated, variation due to trial repetition had the largest magnitude of effect on ground reaction forces. Trial within a set of data had an effect on all craniocaudal, but not vertical, ground reaction force variables studied, for the thoracic limbs. The first of five trials was often different from later trials. Some thoracic limb and pelvic limb variables were different between weeks. A limb side difference was only apparent for pelvic limb vertical ground reaction force data. Only pelvic limb craniocaudal braking variables were different between sets within a day.Discussion and clinical significance: When controlling for speed, handler, gait, weight and dog breed, variation in ground reaction forces mainly arise from trial repetition and inter-week data collection. When using vertical peak force and impulse to evaluate treatment, trial repetition and inter-week data collection should have minimal effect of the data.

scholarly journals Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Udofa ◽  
Kenneth P. Clark ◽  
Laurence J. Ryan ◽  
Peter G. Weyand
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Force Time

Although running shoes alter foot-ground reaction forces, particularly during impact, how they do so is incompletely understood. Here, we hypothesized that footwear effects on running ground reaction force-time patterns can be accurately predicted from the motion of two components of the body’s mass (mb): the contacting lower-limb (m1 = 0.08mb) and the remainder (m2 = 0.92mb). Simultaneous motion and vertical ground reaction force-time data were acquired at 1,000 Hz from eight uninstructed subjects running on a force-instrumented treadmill at 4.0 and 7.0 m/s under four footwear conditions: barefoot, minimal sole, thin sole, and thick sole. Vertical ground reaction force-time patterns were generated from the two-mass model using body mass and footfall-specific measures of contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb impact deceleration. Model force-time patterns generated using the empirical inputs acquired for each footfall matched the measured patterns closely across the four footwear conditions at both protocol speeds ( r2 = 0.96 ± 0.004; root mean squared error  = 0.17 ± 0.01 body-weight units; n = 275 total footfalls). Foot landing angles (θF) were inversely related to footwear thickness; more positive or plantar-flexed landing angles coincided with longer-impact durations and force-time patterns lacking distinct rising-edge force peaks. Our results support three conclusions: 1) running ground reaction force-time patterns across footwear conditions can be accurately predicted using our two-mass, two-impulse model, 2) impact forces, regardless of foot strike mechanics, can be accurately quantified from lower-limb motion and a fixed anatomical mass (0.08mb), and 3) runners maintain similar loading rates (ΔFvertical/Δtime) across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angle to regulate the duration of impact. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact portion of the impulse to be extracted from measured total ground reaction force-time patterns using motion data from the ankle. The gait adjustments observed across footwear conditions revealed that runners maintained similar loading rates across footwear conditions by altering foot strike angles to regulate the duration of impact.

Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Gustås ◽  
Christopher Johnston ◽  
Stig Drevemo
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Triaxial Accelerometer ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Sand Surface ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Force Data

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to compare the hoof deceleration and ground reaction forces following impact on two different surfaces. Seven unshod Standardbreds were trotted by hand at 3.0–5.7 m s− 1 over a force plate covered by either of the two surfaces, sandpaper or a 1 cm layer of sand. Impact deceleration data were recorded from one triaxial accelerometer mounted on the fore- and hind hooves, respectively. Ground reaction force data were obtained synchronously from a force plate, sampled at 4.8 kHz. The differences between the two surfaces were studied by analysing representative deceleration and force variables for individual horses. The maximum horizontal peak deceleration and the loading rates of the vertical and the horizontal forces were significantly higher on sandpaper compared with the sand surface (P < 0.001). In addition, the initial vertical deceleration was significantly higher on sandpaper in the forelimb (P < 0.001). In conclusion, it was shown that the different qualities of the ground surface result in differences in the hoof-braking pattern, which may be of great importance for the strength of the distal horse limb also at slow speeds.

Variability of vertical ground reaction forces collected with one and two force plates in healthy dogs

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stejskal ◽  
B. T. Torres ◽  
G. S. Sandberg ◽  
J. A. Sapora ◽  
R. K. Dover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Plate Versus ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Collection Time

SummaryObjective: To compare peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) data collected with one and two force plates during the same collection time period in healthy dogs at a trot.Animals: Seventeen healthy client-owned adult dogs.Methods: Vertical ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected in a crossover study design, with four sessions on two consecutive days, and then two weeks apart (days 1, 2, 15, and 16) using both one and two force plates collection methods. A repeated measures model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in force plate PVF, VI, and average time per trial (ATT) between days, weeks, and systems (1 plate versus 2 plates). Coefficients of variation for PVF and VI were also calculated separately by forelimbs and hindlimbs, plates, day, and week.Results: The time required to obtain a valid trial was significantly longer using a single force plate when compared with two force plates. Comparing GRF data for all dogs, significant differences in PVF data were found between one and two force plates, however, these differences were diminutive in absolute magnitude, and of unknown clinical importance. Examination of the coefficients of variation for PVF and VI during the different collection periods yielded similar results.Conclusions: Use of two force plates decreased trial repetition and collection time. Vertical GRF data had a similar coefficient of variation with either one or two force plates collection techniques in healthy dogs.

A Finite Element Analysis of a Subject Specific Single-Leg Drop Landing at Varied Heights

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Yin Tse ◽  
Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi ◽  
Ashkan Vaziri ◽  
Paul K. Canavan
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground

The pathomechanics of knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury related to the female athlete is of high interest due to the high incidence of injury compared to males participating in the same sport. The mechanisms of ACL injury are still not completely understood, but it is known that single-leg landings, stopping and cutting at high velocity are some of the non-contact mechanisms that are causing these injuries. This study analyzed a subject specific analysis of a single-leg drop landing that was performed by a female subject at 60%, 80% and 100% of her maximum vertical jump. The femur, tibia, articular cartilage, and menisci were modeled as 3-D structures and the data collected from the motion analysis was used to obtain the knee joint contact stresses in finite element analysis (FEA). The four major ligaments of the knee were modeled as non-linear springs. Material properties of previously published studies were used to define the soft tissue structures. The articular cartilage was defined as isotropic elastic and the menisci were defined as transverse isotropic elastic. Two different styles of single-leg landings were compared to one another, resembling landing from a basketball rebound. The first landing style, single-leg arms up (SLAU), produced larger knee flexion angles at peak ground reaction forces, while single-leg arms across (SLAX) landings produced higher peak vertical ground reaction forces along with lower knee flexion angles. The mean peak vertical ground reaction force was 2.9–3.5 bodyweight for SLAU landings, while they were 3.0–3.8 for SLAX landings. The time to peak vertical ground reaction force with SLAU landings were 69 ms (60%), 60 ms (80%), and 55 ms (100%); SLAX landings were 61 ms (60%), 61 ms (80%), and 51 ms (100%).

Lower-Extremity-Joint Cryotherapy Does Not Affect Vertical Ground-Reaction Forces during Landing

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G Jameson ◽  
Stephen J Kinzey ◽  
Jeffrey S Hallam
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Chronic Injuries ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Forces

Context:Cryotherapy is commonly used in the care of acute and chronic injuries. It decreases pain, reduces swelling, and causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels. Its detrimental effects on motor activity might predispose physically active individuals to further injury.Objective:To examine the effects of cryotherapy on vertical-ground-reaction-force (VGRF) during a 2-legged landing from a 2-legged targeted vertical jump.Design:2 × 4 MANOVA with repeated measures.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:10 men, means: 22.40 ± 1.26 years, 76.01 ± 26.95 kg, 182.88 ± 6.88 cm.Intervention:VGRF during landing from a targeted vertical jump (90% of maximum) was measured before and after four 20-minute cryotherapy treatments.Results:There were no significant differences in VGRF as a result of cryotherapy.Conclusion:Under the constraints of this study there is no evidence that returning to activity immediately after cryotherapy predisposes an athlete to injury because of a change in VGRF.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Force Comparison Between Barefoot and Shod Single Leg Landing at Varied Heights

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Jocelyn E. Arnett ◽  
Cameron D. Addie ◽  
Ludmila M. Cosio-Lima ◽  
Lee E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Main Effects

Background: Landing is a common movement that occurs in many sports. Barefoot research has gained popularity in examining how shoes alter natural movements. However, it is unknown how a single leg landing under barefoot conditions, as well as landing height, affects ground reaction forces (GRF). Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the differences in GRF during a single leg landing under barefoot and shod conditions from various heights. Methods: Sixteen female Division II collegiate athletes, 8 basketball (age: 19.88 ± 0.64 yrs; height: 1.77 ± 0.09 m; mass: 75.76 ± 12.97 kg) and 8 volleyball (age: 20.00 ± 1.07 yrs; height: 1.74 ± 0.08 m; mass: 72.41 ± 5.41 kg), performed single leg landings from 12, 18, 24, and 30 inches barefoot and shod. An AMTI AccuGait force plate was used to record GRF. A 2 (condition) x 4 (box height) x 2 (sport) repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine any GRF differences. Results: There were no significant three way or two-way interactions (p > 0.05). There was also no main effect for sport (p > 0.05). There were main effects for footwear and box height (p = 0.000) where shod (2295.121 ± 66.025 N) had greater impact than barefoot (2090.233 ± 62.684 N). Conclusions: Single leg barefoot landings resulted in less vertical GRF than shod landings. This could be due to increased flexion at the joints which aids in force absorption.

scholarly journals A biomechanical comparison of the SACH, Seattle and Jaipur feet using ground reaction forces

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Arya ◽  
A. Lees ◽  
H. C. Nerula ◽  
L. Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Force Data

The Jaipur prosthetic foot was developed in India in response to specific socio-cultural needs of Indian amputees. It is being used extensively in India and several other developing countries. Its claim of being a cheaper and satisfactory alternative to other prosthetic feet has not been investigated biomechanically. The present study was undertaken to compare its biomechanical properties with the SACH and Seattle feet, using ground reaction forces. Three trans-tibial amputees participated in the experiment which measured the ground reaction force data using a Kistler force plate. Subject's normal foot was used as a reference. Six variables from the vertical and anteroposterior components of ground reaction forces were quantified, their statistical analysis showed that the normal foot generates significantly larger ground reaction forces than the prosthetic foot. The shock absortion capacity of the SACH foot was found to be better when compared with the other two feet, while the Jaipur foot allowed a more natural gait and was closer in performance to the normal foot. None of the prostheses significantly influenced the locomotor style of the amputees.

scholarly journals The Effects of Posture on the Three-Dimensional Gait Mechanics of Human Walking in Comparison to Bipedal Chimpanzees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell T. Johnson ◽  
Matthew C. O'Neill ◽  
Brian R. Umberger
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bipedal Walking ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Gait Mechanics ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Ground

Humans walk with an upright posture on extended limbs during stance and with a double-peaked vertical ground reaction force. Our closest living relatives, chimpanzees, are facultative bipeds that walk with a crouched posture on flexed, abducted hind limbs and with a single-peaked vertical ground reaction force. Differences in human and bipedal chimpanzee three-dimensional kinematics have been well quantified; however, it is unclear what the independent effects of using a crouched posture are on three-dimensional gait mechanics for humans, and how they compare with chimpanzees. Understanding the relationships between posture and gait mechanics, with known differences in morphology between species, can help researchers better interpret the effects of trait evolution on bipedal walking. We quantified pelvis and lower limb three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces as humans adopted a series of upright and crouched postures and compared them with data from bipedal chimpanzee walking. Human crouched posture gait mechanics were more similar to bipedal chimpanzee gait than normal human walking, especially in sagittal plane hip and knee angles. However, there were persistent differences between species, as humans walked with less transverse plane pelvis rotation, less hip abduction, and greater peak horizontal ground reaction force in late stance than chimpanzees. Our results suggest that human crouched posture walking reproduces only a small subset of the characteristics of three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces of chimpanzee walking, with the remaining differences likely due in large part to the distinct musculoskeletal morphologies of humans and chimpanzees.

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